{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T21:46:41Z","timestamp":1759960001856,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JICES"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper aims to introduce a cross-cultural study of the views and implications of Snowden\u2019s revelations about NSA\/GCHQ surveillance practices, undertaken through surveys administered in eight countries. The aims and academic and social significance are explained, and justification is offered for the methods used.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pilot surveys were deployed in two countries, following which revised versions were deployed in eight countries (including expanded collection in the original pilot countries). Quantitative analysis of suitable answer sets (Yes\/No; Likert scales) and quantitative analysis (interpretation of free text answers) were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Through the pilot survey studies conducted in Japan and Spain, the academic significance and meaningfulness, as well as social significance of the project, were confirmed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results of the cross-cultural study are expected to contribute not only to the advance of surveillance study but also to the enhancement of ordinary, non-technical people\u2019s awareness of state surveillance and their proactive approach to protecting their own rights and dignity from covert intrusion by government agencies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper clarifies the importance and methodologies of investigating the social impact of Snowden\u2019s revelations on youngsters\u2019 attitudes toward privacy and state surveillance in a cross-cultural analysis framework. Although a few other studies have assessed the impact of Snowden\u2019s revelations, these have mostly focussed on the USA, so this is the only study to date considering that impact on a broad international scale, using highly similar surveys to ensure comparability.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jices-12-2016-0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T07:25:41Z","timestamp":1498634741000},"page":"183-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Following Snowden: a cross-cultural study on the social impact of Snowden\u2019s revelations"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Murata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Lara Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-009-0228-z","article-title":"The Japanese sense of information privacy","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"AI & Society"},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref002","article-title":"A privacy paradox: social networking in the United States","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref003","unstructured":"DeSilver, D. (2014), \u201cMost young Americans say Snowden has served the public interest\u201d, 22 January, available at: www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2014\/01\/22\/most-young-americans-say-snowden-has-served-the-public-interest\/ (accessed 2 August 2016)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref004","article-title":"Internet surveillance after Snowden: a critical empirical study of computer experts\u2019 attitude on commercial and state surveillance of the Internet and social media post-Edward Snowden","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society"},{"journal-title":"Politico","article-title":"Snowden charged with 3 felonies","year":"2013","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref005"},{"volume-title":"No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the US Surveillance State","year":"2014","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref006"},{"volume-title":"The Edward Snowden Affair: Exposing the Politics and Media behind the NSA Scandal","year":"2014","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref007"},{"volume-title":"The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World\u2019s Most Wanted Man","year":"2014","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref008"},{"volume-title":"Japanese Legal Consciousness","year":"1967","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref009"},{"journal-title":"Wall Street Journal","article-title":"Deep secrets: as technology evolves, spy agency struggles to preserve its hearing","year":"2001","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref010"},{"volume-title":"Surveillance After Snowden","year":"2015","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref011"},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref012","unstructured":"Madden, M. (2014). \u201cPublic perceptions of privacy and security in the post-Snowden era\u201d, available at: www.pewinternet.org\/2014\/11\/12\/public-privacy-perceptions\/ (accessed 21March, 2017)."},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref013","unstructured":"Moglen, E. (2014), \u201cPrivacy under attack: the NSA files revealed new threats to democracy\u201d, The Guardian, 27 May, available at: www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2014\/may\/27\/-sp-privacy-under-attack-nsa-files-revealed-new-threats-democracy (accessed 28 June 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref014","unstructured":"Murai, S. (2016), \u201cNSA whistleblower Snowden says US government carrying out mass surveillance in Japan\u201d, Japan Times, 4 June, available at: www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2016\/06\/04\/national\/nsa-whistleblower-snowden-says-u-s-government-carrying-out-mass-surveillance-in-japan\/#.V7Vl4zXqnHE (accessed 28 June 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref015","unstructured":"Pew Research Center (2010), \u201cMost say wikileaks release harms public interest\u201d, available at: www.people-press.org\/files\/legacy-pdf\/682.pdf (accessed 12 August 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref016","unstructured":"Pew Research Center (2014), \u201cObama\u2019s NSA speech has little impact on skeptical public\u201d, available at: www.people-press.org\/2014\/01\/20\/obamas-nsa-speech-has-little-impact-on-skeptical-public\/ (accessed 28 June 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref017","unstructured":"Pew Research Center (2015), \u201cAmericans\u2019 privacy strategies post-Snowden\u201d, available at: www.pewinternet.org\/files\/2015\/03\/PI_AmericansPrivacyStrategies_0316151.pdf (accessed 18 August 2016)."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120606284013600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161214566709","article-title":"Hero on Twitter, traitor on news: how social media and legacy news frame Snowden","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Press\/Politics"},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref019","unstructured":"Zuboff, S. (2013), \u201cThe surveillance paradigm: be the friction \u2013 our response to the new lords of the ring\u201d, Frankfurter Allgemeine, available at: www.faz.net\/aktuell\/feuilleton\/the-surveillance-paradigm-be-the-friction-our-response-to-the-new-lords-of-the-ring-12241996.html (accessed 18 August 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref020","unstructured":"Burton, G. (2013), \u201cGCHQ hacked Belgian telco Belgacom: Snowden documents indicated GCHQ hacked telco serving European Union institutions\u201d, Computing, 20 September, available at: www.computing.co.uk\/ctg\/news\/2295895\/gchq-hacked-belgian-telco-belgacom (accessed 28 June 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120606284013600_ref021","unstructured":"Der Spiegel (2013), \u201cEmbassy\u2019s espionage: the NSA\u2019s secret spy hub in Berlin\u201d, 27 October, available at: www.spiegel.de\/international\/germany\/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html (accessed 28 June 2016)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JICES-12-2016-0047\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JICES-12-2016-0047\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:38:58Z","timestamp":1753393138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jices\/article\/15\/3\/183-196\/215127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JICES-12-2016-0047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jices-12-2016-0047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-996X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1477-996X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]}}}