{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T03:44:24Z","timestamp":1769571864127,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JKM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to explore the use of the knowledge management (KM) perspective for configuration projects. Configuration projects implement configurators as information technology systems that help companies manage the specification process of customised products. An effective method of retrieving and formalising knowledge for configurators is essential, because it can reduce the risk of unsuccessful implementation and the time and effort required for development. Unfortunately, no standard KM frameworks are available specifically for configuration projects. This study identifies the knowledge necessary for different phases of a configuration project (which knowledge, for what purpose and from what sources), examines how it is transformed during a configuration project (what KM activities and tools are used) and establishes how the knowledge can be documented for future maintenance and updates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper proposes a four-step framework for making the KM process more efficient in configuration projects. The framework is based on the literature, developed in collaboration with industrial partners and tested on four configuration projects in two engineering companies. The framework is a structured KM approach designed to save time for both domain experts and the configuration team. The authors have used a qualitative exploratory design based on multiple data sources: documentation, workshops and participant observation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed framework comprises four steps: determination of the system\u2019s scope, to establish the project\u2019s goal based on stakeholders\u2019 requirements and prioritise the required products and processes; knowledge acquisition, to classify the knowledge according to the desired output and identify different knowledge sources; modelling and knowledge validation; and documentation and maintenance, to ensure that the KM system can be maintained and updated in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because the framework is tested on a limited number of cases, its generalisability may be limited. However, focusing on a few case applications allows us to assess the effectiveness of the framework in detail and in depth to identify the practical challenges of applying it. The results of the tests support the framework\u2019s validity. Although the framework is designed mainly for engineering companies, other industries could benefit from using it as well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The individual steps of the framework create a structured approach for the KM process. Thus, the approach can save both time and resources for companies, without the need for additional investment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>A standard framework is lacking in the literature on KM for configuration projects. This study fills that gap by developing a KM framework for configuration projects, based on KM frameworks developed for IT projects, and KM tools.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jkm-01-2017-0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T06:17:14Z","timestamp":1519193834000},"page":"982-1014","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["How to scope configuration projects and manage the knowledge they require"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Shafiee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Kristjansdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Hvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cipriano","family":"Forza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008982531278","article-title":"Expert configurator for concurrent engineering: cam\u00e9l\u00e9on on software and model","volume":"11","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2011.01.009","article-title":"Selecting the best clustering variables for grouping mass-customized products involving workers learning","volume":"130","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref003","unstructured":"Ardissono, L., Felfernig, A., Friedrich, G., Goy, A., Jannach, D., Petrone, G., Schafer, R. and Zanker, M. (2003), \u201cA framework for the development of personalized, distributed web-based configuration systems\u201d, AI Magazine, Vol. 24 No. 3, p. 93."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2007.05.005","article-title":"Investigating knowledge management practices in software development organisations - an Australian experience","volume":"50","year":"2008","journal-title":"Information and Software Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1145\/62065.62067","article-title":"Expert systems for configuration at digital: xCON and beyond","volume":"32","year":"1989","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010301","article-title":"A methodology for collecting valid software engineering data","volume":"SE-10","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/74878.74879","article-title":"A laboratory for teaching object oriented thinking","volume":"24","year":"1989","journal-title":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref008","volume-title":"Use Case Modeling","year":"2002"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref009","first-page":"25","article-title":"Product configuration systems: state of the art, conceptualization and extensions","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.163","article-title":"Application of knowledge management technology in customer relationship management","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Knowledge and Process Management"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref011","first-page":"3","article-title":"Software documentation: how much is enough?","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref013","volume-title":"PAS 2001- Knowledge Management","author":"British Standards Institute (BSI)","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2007.030102","article-title":"A configuration complexity model and its application to a change management system","volume":"4","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1992.11517941","article-title":"Implementation and use of expert systems in organizations: perceptions of knowledge engineers","volume":"8","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-08-2014-0353","article-title":"The role of organizational culture in the knowledge management process","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3615(00)00086-5","article-title":"Analysis of assembly through product configuration","volume":"44","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computers in Industry"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref017","first-page":"10","article-title":"Learning from agile development, part 1","year":"2002","journal-title":"CrossTalk: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80017-2","article-title":"A philosophical basis for knowledge acquisition","volume":"2","year":"1990","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref019","first-page":"363","article-title":"The Impact of Agile Methods on Software Project Management","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref020","volume-title":"Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research","year":"2007","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref021","article-title":"Enhancing the evolution of design science","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018933820619","article-title":"Dealing with nonfunctional requirements in large software systems","volume":"3","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Software Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4308385","article-title":"Building theories from case study","volume":"14","year":"1989","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref024","volume-title":"European Guide to Good Practice in Knowledge Management - Part 1: Knowledge Management Framework","author":"European Committee for Standardization","year":"2004"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref025","volume-title":"Knowledge-Based Configuration From Research to Business Cases, Knowledge-Based Configuration","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415817-7.00007-4","article-title":"Conflict detection and diagnosis in configuration","volume-title":"Knowledge-Based Configuration: From Research to Business Cases","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref027","volume-title":"Key Issues in Knowledge Management","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.708434","article-title":"Configuring large systems using generative constraint satisfaction","volume":"13","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1109\/21.31050","article-title":"Knowledge acquisition for expert systems: some pitfalls and suggestions","volume":"19","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(01)00157-8","article-title":"Managing for variety in the order acquisition and fulfilment process: the contribution of product configuration systems","volume":"76","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3615(02)00057-X","article-title":"Product configuration and inter-firm coordination: an innovative solution from a small manufacturing enterprise","volume":"49","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computers in Industry"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref032","volume-title":"Product Information Management for Mass Customization: Connecting Customer, Front-Office and Back-Office for Fast and Efficient Customization","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415817-7.00011-6","article-title":"Knowledge engineering for configuration systems","volume-title":"Knowledge-Based Configuration: From Research to Business Cases","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref034","article-title":"Calculation of complexity costs \u2013 An approach for rationalizing a product program","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-009-0257-y","article-title":"Managing diagrammatic models with different perspectives on product information","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMASSC.2007.012810","article-title":"The modelling techniques of a documentation system that supports the development and maintenance of product configuration systems","volume":"2","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Mass Customisation"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref037","volume-title":"Representation of Industrial Knowledge-as a Basis for Developing and Maintaining Product Configurators","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref038","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of conceptual product models into configurators: from months to minutes","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060410000636","article-title":"The impact of product configurators on lead times in engineering-oriented companies","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270910971798","article-title":"Harmonisation of knowledge management \u2013 comparing 160 KM frameworks around the globe","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, M. (2002), Making RUP Agile, OOPSLA 2002 Practitioners Reports on - OOPSLA \u201802, ACM Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1145\/604251.604254"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/002075401300008974","article-title":"A procedure for the application of product modelling","volume":"39","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref043","volume-title":"Product Customization","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1063293X06068357","article-title":"Customer requirement management in product development: a review of research issues","volume":"14","year":"2006","journal-title":"Concurrent Engineering"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref045","first-page":"41","article-title":"Configuration-oriented product modelling and knowledge management for made-to-order manufacturing enterprises","volume":"25","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689806298224","article-title":"Toward a definition of mixed methods research","volume":"1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Mixed Methods Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2307\/249133","article-title":"Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in information systems research: a case study","volume":"12","year":"1988","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref048","volume-title":"Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref049","volume-title":"Knowledge Management: A Guide to Good Practice","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2002.1003457","article-title":"Toward a practical solution for capturing knowledge for software projects","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref051","volume-title":"The Rational Unified Process, an Introduction","year":"2007","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref052","first-page":"241","article-title":"Utilising knowledge management in software process improvement-The creation of a knowledge management process model","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-01-2014-0006","article-title":"Managing knowledge in IT projects: a framework for enterprise system implementation","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(02)00093-5","article-title":"A set of frameworks to aid the project manager in conceptualizing and implementing knowledge management initiatives","volume":"21","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Project Management"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref055","first-page":"1022","article-title":"StakeSource2.0: using social networks of stakeholders to identify and prioritise requirements","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6963(93)90002-7","article-title":"Conducting case study research in operations management","volume":"11","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Operations Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref058","first-page":"626","article-title":"Rethinking ERP success: a new perspective from knowledge management and continuous improvement\u201d,Information and Management","volume":"44","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref056","first-page":"51","article-title":"Decomposition strategies for configuration problems","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ai Edam"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref059","first-page":"185","article-title":"Improving decision making in the early phases of configuration projects","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref060","first-page":"14","article-title":"Product configuration view to software product families","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-2373(98)00058-9","article-title":"A specification model for product development","volume":"17","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.1.14","article-title":"A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation","volume":"5","year":"1994","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref063","volume-title":"The Knowledge Creating Company","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2011.12.003","article-title":"Knowledge management and project-based knowledge in it projects: a model and preliminary empirical results","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Project Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2004.07.004","article-title":"Knowledge web-based system architecture for collaborative product development","volume":"56","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computers in Industry"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(00)00116-0","article-title":"A systems thinking framework for knowledge management","volume":"31","year":"2001","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.708432","article-title":"Product configuration frameworks-a survey","volume":"13","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref068","article-title":"Agile documentation, anyone?","volume":"26","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0327","article-title":"The experimental evaluation of knowledge acquisition techniques and methods: history, problems and new directions","volume":"51","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.24867\/IJIEM-2014-4-122","article-title":"Scoping a product configuration project for engineer-to-order companies","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2017.02.004","article-title":"The documentation of product configuration systems: a framework and an IT solution","volume":"32","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1670(199812)4:4<227::AID-SPIP106>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Success factors of organizational change in software process improvement","volume":"4","year":"1998","journal-title":"Software Process: Improvement and Practice"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref073","first-page":"161","article-title":"Knowledge engineering: principles and methods","volume":"25","year":"1998","journal-title":"Data & Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref074","article-title":"Personalized configuration. knowledge-based configuration\u2013from research to business cases","volume-title":"Knowledge-Based Configuration: From Research to Business Cases","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref075","first-page":"95","article-title":"State-of-the-practice in product configuration \u2013 a survey of 10 cases in the Finnish industry","volume":"1","year":"1996","journal-title":"Knowledge Intensive CAD"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2008.08.056","article-title":"An association clustering algorithm for can-order policies in the joint replenishment problem","volume":"117","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2005.06.026","article-title":"Applying case-based reasoning for product configuration in mass customization environments","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref078","volume-title":"An Introduction to PRINCE2\u201d, JISC Infonet - Project Management Methodologies","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref079","first-page":"37","article-title":"Human computation for constraint-based recommenders","volume":"49","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4308370","article-title":"Nothing is quite so practical as a good theory","volume":"14","year":"1989","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1145\/163430.163447","article-title":"Inside a software design team: knowledge acquisition, sharing, and integration","volume":"36","year":"1993","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.09.280","article-title":"The root cause of failure in complex IT projects: complexity itself","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref083","first-page":"48","article-title":"First things first: prioritizing requirements","volume":"7","year":"1999","journal-title":"Software Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80023-8","article-title":"Knowledge acquisition at the front end: defining the domain","volume":"2","year":"1990","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509193939700_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.05.026","article-title":"Product configuration knowledge modeling using ontology web language","volume":"36","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref086","volume-title":"Case Study Research: Design and Methods","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2021041509193939700_ref087","volume-title":"Design Research: Methods and Perspectives","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-01-2017-0017\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-01-2017-0017\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:25:17Z","timestamp":1753395917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/22\/5\/982-1014\/433455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JKM-01-2017-0017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-01-2017-0017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]}}}