{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:54:55Z","timestamp":1773780895573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JKM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aims to introduce and prove the existence of negative rivalry in use, which should be an integral part of goods taxonomy, from the perspective of knowledge sharing and further present the critical role of knowledge sharing in the digital economy era by reviewing the literature, theoretical analysis and real-world cases. It also aims to open a new door for re-recognizing knowledge sharing through an interdisciplinary framework.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study proves the existence of negative rivalry through both theoretical analysis (4-E model) and real-world cases, especially the cases of Tesla and ChatGPT, and puts up new reasons for knowledge sharing in the era of digital economy through interdisciplinary methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors find out that there are many new phenomena beyond the spectrum of current goods taxonomy, especially beyond the priori understanding of rivalry in use. Digital platforms such as ChatGPT should have been \u201cused up\u201d in no time, for they have attracted so massive users according to (positive) rivalry in use, or should have been unchanged at most according to non-rivalry in use. But what we see is their rapid upgrading with the help of billions of users. The reason is that negative rivalry in use has completely been neglected. The authors find out that the process of knowledge sharing unveils the unrecognized attribute of rivalry in use, i.e. negative rivalry in use, which serves as the fundamental driving force of the breathtaking growth of all kinds of digital platforms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study originally put up a 4-E model of goods\u2019 rivalry in use, the brand new term, i.e. negative rivalry in use, and proves its existence and working mechanism from the perspective of knowledge sharing. With the introduction of negative rivalry in use, the traditional four-type goods classification model is extended into a six-type model, which may be a sound marginal contribution, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge. The study may reshape people\u2019s mindsets on goods usage, especially knowledge management, into a more open-sharing model because it shows that there is very likely a positive-sum game instead of a zero- or negative-sum game for shared knowledge <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> and its platform in the process of knowledge sharing in the era of digital economy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jkm-02-2024-0198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T12:49:28Z","timestamp":1715777368000},"page":"2590-2609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Negative rivalry in use: toward a knowledge-sharing perspective in the digital economy era"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref001","first-page":"32","article-title":"Knowledge acquisition and knowledge sharing as determines of organizational competitive advantage","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Business"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2013.18","article-title":"Firm rivalry, knowledge accumulation, and MNE location choices","volume":"44","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-018-9665-5","article-title":"Knowledge as an economic good: exhaustibility versus appropriability?","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2307\/2295952","article-title":"The economic implications of learning by doing","volume":"29","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref005","first-page":"274","article-title":"ChatGPT: applications, opportunities, and threats","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9466","article-title":"Identifying technology spillovers and product market rivalry","volume":"81","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econometric"},{"issue":"125","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2552442","article-title":"An economic theory of clubs","volume":"32","year":"1965","journal-title":"Economica"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2307\/1959515","article-title":"Provision of collective goods as a function of group size","volume":"68","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-05-2022-0421","article-title":"Sharing or hiding? The influence of supervisor bottom-line mentality on employee knowledge behaviors","volume":"27","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref010","first-page":"290","article-title":"Feedback is all you need: from ChatGPT to autonomous driving","volume":"66","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/2157930X.2021.1992830","article-title":"Value creation and free labour in digital development agendas: evidence from Colombia","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innovation and Development"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-07-2022-0524","article-title":"A Yin-Yang dialectical systems theory of knowledge creation","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01744-5","article-title":"Working from anywhere: yin-Yang cognition paradoxes of knowledge sharing and hiding for developing careers in China","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2023.3282638","article-title":"Employee psychological resources as a microfoundation for organizational knowledge creation across cultures: a Yin-Yang dialectical systems view","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2407","article-title":"Understanding knowledge hiding in organizations","volume":"40","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.36.3.29","article-title":"The economics of intangible capital","volume":"36","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1057\/s41265-016-0033-3","article-title":"The digital platform: a research agenda","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1215\/00182702-3777158","article-title":"Musgrave, Samuelson, and the crystallization of the standard rationale for public goods","volume":"49","year":"2017","journal-title":"History of Political Economy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-021-01049-y","article-title":"Which travels farther? Knowledge or rivalry?","volume":"67","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Annals of Regional Science"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref020","unstructured":"Economides, N. and Himmelberg, C.P. (1995), \u201cCritical mass and network size with application to the US fax market\u201d, NYU Stern School of Business, EC-95-11, pp.1-38, available at: https:\/\/archive.nyu.edu\/jspui\/bitstream\/2451\/26260\/2\/95-11.pdf"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref021","volume-title":"Digital Labour and Karl Marx","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref022","first-page":"158","article-title":"Metcalf\u2019s law and legacy","volume":"152","year":"1993","journal-title":"Forbes ASAP"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref023","unstructured":"Hardin, R. (2013), \u201cThe free rider problem\u201d, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, available at: http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2013\/entries\/free-rider\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref024","first-page":"519","article-title":"The use of knowledge in society","volume":"35","year":"1945","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2307\/1342203","article-title":"The tragedy of the anticommons: property in the transition from Marx to markets","volume":"111","year":"1998","journal-title":"Harvard Law Review"},{"issue":"5364","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.698","article-title":"Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research","volume":"280","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484303257985","article-title":"Knowledge sharing in organizations: a conceptual framework","volume":"2","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref028","first-page":"424","article-title":"Network externalities, competition, and compatibity","volume":"75","year":"1985","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref029","first-page":"407","article-title":"Incentives for data sharing as a case on (regulating) knowledge externalities\u201d","volume-title":"A Critical Mind: Hanns Ullrich\u2019s Footprint in Internal Market Law, Antitrust and Intellectual Property","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref030","first-page":"292","article-title":"TAMER: training an agent manually via evaluative reinforcement","year":"2008"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-02-2022-0130","article-title":"Social media technologies: a waste of time or a good way to learn and improve technological competences?","volume":"26","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref032","article-title":"Immaterial labour","volume-title":"Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.8.2.133","article-title":"Network externality: an uncommon tragedy","volume":"8","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1108\/19348830810915514","article-title":"Integration and knowledge sharing: transforming to long\u2010term competitive advantage","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Organizational Analysis"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref035","first-page":"2285","article-title":"Interactive learning from policydependent human feedback","year":"2017"},{"issue":"Oct","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.06.015","article-title":"Knowledge sharing and social media: altruism, perceived online attachment motivation, and perceived online relationship commitment","volume":"39","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref037","volume-title":"Principles of Economics","year":"2013","edition":"International e"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref038","volume-title":"Principles of Economics","year":"1890"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2013.374","article-title":"Metcalfe\u2019s law after 40 years of Ethernet","volume":"46","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/1882886","article-title":"The voluntary exchange theory of public economy","volume":"53","year":"1939","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/1882066","article-title":"The planning approach in public economy: a reply","volume":"55","year":"1941","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fiscal policy, stability, and full employment","volume-title":"Public Finance and Full Employment","year":"1945"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref043","unstructured":"Musgrave, R.A. (1937), \u201cThe theory of public finance and the concept of \u201cburden of taxation\u201d, PhD Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.641","article-title":"Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems","volume":"100","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref045","article-title":"Public goods and public choices","volume-title":"Alternatives for Delivering Public Services: Toward Improved Performance","year":"1977"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-06-2015-0229","article-title":"Conceptualising social media support for tacit knowledge sharing: physicians\u2019 perspectives and experiences","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-11-2012-0364","article-title":"Towards tacit knowledge sharing over social web tools","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref048","first-page":"174","article-title":"Organizational capital, allocation of intangibles, and firm performance: evidence from the globalinto intangible survey\u201d","volume-title":"Intangible Assets, Productivity and Economic Growth","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-03-2016-0112","article-title":"What factors influence knowledge sharing in organizations? A social dilemma perspective of social media communication","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1162\/154247603322493212","article-title":"Platform competition in two-sided markets","volume":"1","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the European Economic Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2307\/3003090","article-title":"A theory of interdependent demand for a communications service","volume":"5","year":"1974","journal-title":"The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1086\/261420","article-title":"Increasing returns and long-run growth","volume":"94","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1080\/13563467.2022.2054966","article-title":"Bitcoin as a digital commodity","volume":"27","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Political Economy"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2307\/1925895","article-title":"The pure theory of public expenditure","volume":"36","year":"1954","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2307\/1925849","article-title":"Diagrammatic exposition of a theory of public expenditure","volume":"37","year":"1955","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref056","volume-title":"Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1086\/468066","article-title":"Semicommon property rights and scattering in the open fields","volume":"29","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Legal Studies"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref058","article-title":"Knowledge as a global public good\u201d","volume-title":"Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century","year":"1999"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref059","first-page":"2","volume-title":"The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1215\/01642472-18-2_63-33","article-title":"Free labor: producing culture for the digital economy","volume":"18","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Text"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1108\/13673271211246167","article-title":"Knowledge sharing motivational factors of using an intra-organizational social media platform","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref062","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Deep TAMER: interactive agent shaping in high-dimensional state spaces","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123618","article-title":"Brief overview of ChatGPT: the history, status quo and potential future development","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"key2024102408163214200_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998642","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.998642","article-title":"Understanding the paradox between tragedies of the commons and the anticommons: from a cognitive psychology perspective","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024102408163214200_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-015-1518-1","article-title":"Tencent and Facebook data validate Metcalfe\u2019s law","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Science and Technology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-02-2024-0198\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-02-2024-0198\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:25:43Z","timestamp":1753395943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/28\/9\/2590-2609\/1223434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JKM-02-2024-0198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-02-2024-0198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270","1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"},{"value":"1367-3270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]}}}