{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:11:17Z","timestamp":1778879477855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JKM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Counter-knowledge is knowledge learned from unverified sources and can be classified as good (i.e. harmful, for instance, funny jokes) or bad (for example, lies to manipulate others\u2019 decisions). The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between these two elements and on the possible reactions they can induce on people and institutions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The relationships between good and bad counter-knowledge and the induced reactions \u2013 namely, evasive knowledge hiding and defensive reasoning \u2013 are analysed through an empirical study among 151 Spanish citizens belonging to a knowledge-intensive organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. A two-step procedure has been established to assess a causal model with SmartPLS 3.2.9.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results show that good counter-knowledge can lead to bad counter-knowledge. In addition, counter-knowledge can trigger evasive knowledge hiding, which, in turn, fosters defensive reasoning, in a vicious circle, which can negatively affect decision-making and also cause distrust in public institutions. This was evidenced during the covid-19 pandemic in relation to the measures taken by governments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study raises the awareness that counter-knowledge is a complex phenomenon, especially in a situation of serious crisis like a pandemic. In particular, it highlights that even good counter-knowledge can turn into bad and affect people\u2019s decisional capability negatively. In addition, it signals that not all reactions to the proliferation of counter-knowledge by public institutions are positive. For instance, censorship and lack of transparency (i.e. evasive knowledge hiding) can trigger defensive reasoning, which can, in turn, affect people\u2019s decisions and attitudes negatively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jkm-05-2021-0395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T05:24:06Z","timestamp":1662096246000},"page":"2038-2060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Linking good counter-knowledge with bad counter knowledge: the impact of evasive knowledge hiding and defensive reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Juan-Gabriel","family":"Cegarra-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Bolisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Cepeda-Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19556","article-title":"The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in iraqi kurdistan: online questionnaire study","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211","article-title":"Social media and fake news in the 2016 election","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168019848554","article-title":"Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Research & Politics"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Citizen engagement in the \u201cpost-truth era\u201d: a knowledge management inquiry into the online spread of information","year":"2019","DOI":"10.1108\/K-03-2019-0178"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2010.10.010","article-title":"On making causal claims: a review and recommendations","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref006","first-page":"26","article-title":"Overcoming organizational defenses","volume":"15","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal for Quality and Participation"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.3930250405","article-title":"Reinforcing organizational defensive routines: an unintended human resources activity","volume":"25","year":"1986","journal-title":"Human Resource Management"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref008","volume-title":"Overcoming Organizational Defenses: Facilitating Organizational Learning","year":"1990"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref009","volume-title":"On Organizational Learning","year":"2001","edition":"2nd Editio)"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01215","article-title":"Fake news or weak science? Visibility and characterization of antivaccine webpages returned by Google in different languages and countries","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2307\/3150783","article-title":"Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys","volume":"14","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5152\/jtgga.2013.08","article-title":"Medicine in stamps-Ignaz semmelweis and puerperal fever","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630102700601","article-title":"Journal of management_2001_barney, wright, ketchen_the resource-based view of the firm ten years after 1991.pdf","volume":"27","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.8.2.111","article-title":"Gossip as cultural learning","volume":"8","year":"2004","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.05.003","article-title":"How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory is research","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1509\/jmr.10.0353","article-title":"What makes online content viral?","volume":"49","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_780_20","article-title":"Public engagement is key for containing COVID-19 pandemic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59972-0_1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bad Counter Knowledge: Case Studies and Countermeasures"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14778238.2021.1911606","article-title":"Managing counter-knowledge in the context of a pandemic: challenges for scientific institutions and policymakers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge Management Research & Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2018.1498816","article-title":"Agenda-Setting with satire: how political satire increased TTIP\u2019s saliency on the public, media, and political agenda","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"Political Communication"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/reset.2750","article-title":"Uncertain knowledge. Studying \u201ctruth\u201d and \u201cconspiracies\u201d in the digital age","year":"2021","journal-title":"RESET"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420915872","article-title":"Aging in an era of fake news","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref023","first-page":"82","article-title":"Emotional knowledge: the hidden part of the knowledge iceberg","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-701-0.ch001","article-title":"Universities as Knowledge-Intensive learning organizations","volume-title":"Innovative Knowledge Management: Concepts for Organizational Creativity and Collaborative Design","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-8318-1","article-title":"Organizational knowledge dynamics: managing knowledge creation","volume-title":"Acquisition, Sharing, and Transformation. Organizational Knowledge Dynamics: Managing Knowledge Creation, Acquisition, Sharing, and Transformation","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-028","article-title":"The causes and consequences of COVID-19 misperceptions: understanding the role of news and social media","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239666","article-title":"Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.06.012","article-title":"Knowledge hiding in socioeconomic settings: matching organizational and environmental antecedents","volume":"135","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073909103590","article-title":"The cognitive-motivational compound of emotional experience","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTMOD49425.2020.9380601","article-title":"A knowledge hiding approach to cope with COVID-19: a comparison between Spain and China","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2013.05.005","article-title":"Counter-knowledge and realised absorptive capacity","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-01-2015-0010","article-title":"Negative aspects of counter-knowledge on absorptive capacity and human capital","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.1662","article-title":"A context-driven approach on coping with COVID-19: from hiding knowledge toward citizen engagement","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge and Process Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/VJIKMS-01-2018-0004","article-title":"Online learning communities and their effects on relational Capital","volume":"48","year":"2018","journal-title":"VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-05-2018-0322","article-title":"Tips to use partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in knowledge management","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.02.033","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of knowledge hiding: the moderating role of knowledge hiders and knowledge seekers in organizations","volume":"128","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.12.010","article-title":"The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling","volume":"295","year":"1998","journal-title":"Modern Methods for Business Research"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8283-3_16","article-title":"Controlling for common method variance in PLS analysis: the measured latent marker variable approach","volume-title":"Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-179060-8.50013-x","article-title":"F tests on means in the analysis of variance and covariance","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","year":"1977"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.4.554","article-title":"Organizational routines are stored as procedural Memory \u2013 Evidence from a laboratory study","volume":"5","year":"1994","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/job.737","article-title":"Knowledge hiding in organizations","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2089-7_5","article-title":"Culture and cooperative strategies: Knowledge management perspectives","volume-title":"Cross-Cultural Knowledge Management: Fostering Innovation and Collaboration inside the Multicultural Enterprise","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.05.040","article-title":"Understanding knowledge hiding in business organizations: a bibliometric analysis of research trends, 1988\u20132020","volume":"134","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2307\/2392758","article-title":"Strategy, change and defensive routines","volume":"32","year":"1987","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2017.1338527","article-title":"Sharing news online: social media news analytics and their implications for media pluralism policies","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digital Journalism"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2008.10.022","article-title":"Managing external knowledge flows: the moderating role of absorptive capacity","volume":"38","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2011.03.003","article-title":"Counterknowledge, racial paranoia, and the cultic milieu: decoding hip hop conspiracy theory","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref049","first-page":"109","article-title":"Toward a knowledge\u2010based theory of the firm","volume":"17","year":"1996","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref050","unstructured":"Guerras, L. and Navas, J. (2015), \u201cLuis \u00e1ngel guerras mart\u00edn y jos\u00e9 emilio navas l\u00f3pez Thomson-Reuters civitas\u201d, 5a edici\u00f3n. Fama Us, January, p. 637, available at: https:\/\/proview\u2013thomsonreuters\u2013com.us.debiblio.com\/title.html?redirect=true&titleKey=aranz%2Fmonografias%2F171310704%2Fv2.4&titleStage=F&titleAcct=i0adc419100000153c6be7cca637de875#sl=e&eid=f34a175d2547747e67b3d9dde0ae3728&eat=a-175325742&pg=1&psl=&nvgS"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1108\/EJM-10-2018-0665","article-title":"Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares","volume":"53","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Marketing"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4453-4_4","article-title":"Extending educational change","volume-title":"Extending Educational Change","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/03050629.2019.1554572","article-title":"Useful ignorance: the benefits of uncertainty during power shifts","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Interactions"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-018-0689-6","article-title":"Partial least squares path modeling: quo vadis?","volume":"52","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.07.026","article-title":"Using confirmatory composite analysis to assess emergent variables in business research","volume":"120","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-09-2015-0382","article-title":"Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines","volume":"116","year":"2016","journal-title":"Industrial Management & Data Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-11-2017-0531","article-title":"Evasive knowledge hiding in academia: when competitive individuals are asked to collaborate","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1509\/jim.17.0151","article-title":"Addressing endogeneity in international marketing applications of partial least squares structural equation modeling","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of International Marketing"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01109-7","article-title":"The effect of servant leadership on employee outcomes: does endogeneity matter?","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305119881691","article-title":"Social media, interrupted: users recounting temporary disconnection on instagram","volume":"5","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00302","article-title":"Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: an illustration and recommendations","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:RIHE.0000040265.86668.1a","article-title":"Comparing institutional relationships with academic departments: a study of five academic fields","volume":"45","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.17744\/mehc.36.4.0402867150372t21","article-title":"International student sociocultural adaptation: gossip and place attachment contributions","volume":"36","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Counseling"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.06.003","article-title":"Resources and capabilities as drivers of hotel environmental marketing strategy: implications for competitive advantage and performance","volume":"35","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.002","article-title":"Social media and credibility indicators: the effect of influence cues","volume":"63","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref067","unstructured":"Lundvall, B.\u00c5. (2006), \u201cKnowledge management in the learning economy\u201d, Aalborg: Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics, internal report, available at: www.redesist.ie.ufrj.br\/ga2012\/textos\/Lundvall\/Lecture%203_Knowledge%20management%20for%20PTF.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.03.021","article-title":"The perceived importance of credibility cues for the assessment of the trustworthiness of online information by visitors of health-related websites: the role of individual factors","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14778238.2019.1599497","article-title":"Uncontrolled counter-knowledge: its effects on knowledge management corridors","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knowledge Management Research and Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.1605","article-title":"Modelling the relationship between counter-knowledge and open-mindedness for policy development","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Public Affairs"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1061","article-title":"Empathic embarrassment: situational and personal determinants of reactions to the embarrassment of another","volume":"53","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref072","article-title":"Has spain\u2019s management of COVID-19 been a failure?","volume":"2020","year":"2020","journal-title":"Errors, Lessons and Recommendations"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"A Concise Guide to Market Research. A Concise Guide to Market Research","year":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12541-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041859","article-title":"Tourism and sustainability in times of covid-19: the case of Spain","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/41165942","article-title":"The concept of \u201cba\u201d: building a foundation for knowledge creation","volume":"40","year":"1998","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref076","volume-title":"The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(99)00115-6","article-title":"SECI, Ba and leadership: a unified model of dynamic knowledge creation","volume":"33","year":"2000","journal-title":"Long Range Planning"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref078","article-title":"Discussing the undiscussable overcoming defensive routines in workplace","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref079","volume-title":"Discussing the Undiscussable: A Guide to Overcoming Defensive Routines in the Workplace","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.4.570","article-title":"The emotional brain: the mysterious underpinnings of emotional life","volume":"155","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1120.0718","article-title":"Handling endogenous regressors by joint estimation using copulas","volume":"31","year":"2012","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3478","article-title":"The implied truth effect: attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings","volume":"66","year":"2020","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"7855","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03344-2","article-title":"Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online","volume":"592","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054","article-title":"Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable Accuracy-Nudge intervention","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","article-title":"Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it","volume":"63","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/15456870903210055","article-title":"Humor complexity and political influence: an elaboration likelihood approach to the effects of humor type in the daily show with jon stewart","volume":"17","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atlantic Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2016.08.001","article-title":"European management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.15358\/0344-1369-2017-3-4","article-title":"On comparing results from CB-SEM and PLS-SEM: five perspectives and five recommendations","volume":"39","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marketing ZFP"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5772\/60114","article-title":"Defensive routines in engineering managers and non-engineering managers \u2013 A case analysis","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Business Management"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref091","volume-title":"SmartPLS 2.0","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-12-2014-0307","article-title":"Linking social networks to utilitarian benefits through counter-knowledge","volume":"39","year":"2015","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-020-00319-x","article-title":"Searching for resilience: the impact of employee-level and entrepreneur-level resilience on firm performance in small family firms","volume":"57","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1","article-title":"Partial least squares structural equation modeling BT \u2013 Handbook of market research","volume-title":"Handbook of Market Research","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref095","unstructured":"Sevillano, E. (2020), \u201cCovid-19 in Spain: unreliability of new tests delays effort to slow coronavirus spread in Spain | society | EL PA\u00cdS in english\u201d, El Pa\u00eds, available at: https:\/\/english.elpais.com\/society\/2020-03-27\/unreliability-of-new-tests-delays-effort-to-slow-coronavirus-spread-in-spain.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.1669","article-title":"Knowledge sharing in times of a pandemic: an intergenerational learning approach","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge and Process Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/0021886311408724","article-title":"Open-mindedness and defensiveness in multisource feedback processes: a conceptual framework","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref098","volume-title":"Counter-Knowledge","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref099","unstructured":"Tiefenh\u00e4ler, A. (2020), \u201cHealth care kamikazes\u2019: how Spain\u2019s workers are battling coronavirus\u201d, Unprotected \u2013 The New York Times, New York Times, available at: www.nytimes.com\/video\/world\/europe\/100000007051789\/coronavirus-ppe-shortage-health-care-workers.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310463644","article-title":"Does health care for knowledge management?","volume":"7","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1209","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1209","article-title":"Credibility in social media: opinions, news, and health information \u2013 a survey","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-04-2019-0115","article-title":"The impact of personality in recognizing disinformation","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.12.036","article-title":"Are organisational defensive routines harmful to the relationship between personality and organisational learning?","volume":"85","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-12-2019-0755","article-title":"Offense is the best defense: the impact of workplace bullying on knowledge hiding","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1977.tb01817.x","article-title":"Gossiping as a way of speaking","volume":"27","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526451248","article-title":"The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences: Volume III: Applications of personality and individual differences","volume-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences: Volume III: Applications of Personality and Individual Differences","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022090209222360400_ref0107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.1680","article-title":"How can systems thinking help us in the COVID\u201019 crisis?","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge and Process Management"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-05-2021-0395\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-05-2021-0395\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:26:26Z","timestamp":1753395986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/26\/8\/2038-2060\/267356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JKM-05-2021-0395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-05-2021-0395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270","1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"},{"value":"1367-3270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]}}}