{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1775510505747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JKM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper investigates both similarities and differences between two global threats represented by climate change (CC) and Covid-19 (CV). This will help understand the reasons behind the recognition of the CV as a pandemic that requires global efforts, whereas efforts to tackle climate change still lack such urgency. This paper aims to answer to the following questions: What are the elements that make CV restrictions acceptable by both the public and policymakers? and What are the elements that make CC restrictions not acceptable?<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper analyses the situation reports released by the World Health Organisation between the 11th of March (declaration of pandemic) and the 22nd of April, and their associated documents such as the Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (WHO), the Risk Communication and Community Engagement Action Plan (WHO) and its updated version (WHO) and the Handbook for public health capacity-building (WHO). The analysis ends one week after President Trump\u2019s announcement to suspend US funding to WHO (Fedor and Manson, 2020) and his support to public demonstrations against restrictions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The application of the second stage of the \u201cCrisis and Emergency Risk Communication\u201d model identifies five lessons that can be learned from this comparison. These relate to the necessity to simultaneously warn (about the severity of a threat) and reassure (by suggesting specific courses of action) the public; the need for multilevel collaboration that integrates collective and individual actions; the capacity to present cohesive messages to the public; the risk of politicisation and commodification of the issue that might undermine global efforts to tackle the threat; and the capacity to trigger individual responses through the promotion of self-efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper identifies both similarities and differences between CC and CV managements to understand why the two threats are perceived and tackled in different ways. The analysis of official documents released by both the World Health Organisation and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate CV outbreak as a crisis, whereas climate change is still anchored to the status of a future-oriented risk.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jkm-06-2020-0492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T12:24:52Z","timestamp":1602937492000},"page":"2597-2614","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Similarities and differences in managing the Covid-19 crisis and climate change risk"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Ruiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Ragnedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Ruiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"1340","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01340","article-title":"Defogging climate change communication: how cognitive research can promote effective climate communication","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref002","article-title":"Crisis communication research in public relations journals: tracking research trends over thirty years","volume-title":"The Handbook of Crisis Communication","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.003","article-title":"Climate of scepticism: US newspaper coverage of the science of climate change","volume":"15","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2307\/3342713","article-title":"Risk communication about environmental hazards","volume":"11","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref005","unstructured":"BBC (2020), \u201cCoronavirus: WHO chief urges end to \u2018politicisation\u2019 of virus\u201d, available at: www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-52224183 (accessed 9 April 2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449608401986","article-title":"The role of risk perception and efficacy cognitions in the prediction of HIV-related preventive behavior and condom use","volume":"11","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychology & Health"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101616","article-title":"Stakeholder solutions for building interdisciplinary and international synergies between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref008","article-title":"Caught in a superpower struggle: the inside story of the WHO's response to coronavirus","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref009","volume-title":"Who Speaks for the Climate? Making Sense of Media Reporting on Climate Change","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001","article-title":"Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press","volume":"14","year":"2004","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref011","volume-title":"Climate Change 1995. Economic and Social Dimension of Climate Change","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/jel\/eqt001","article-title":"After Doha: what has climate change PolicyAccomplished?","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Law"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref013","first-page":"269","article-title":"The role of big data in value co-creation for the knowledge economy","volume-title":"Global and National Business Theories and Practice: bridging the past with the Future","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1504\/IJKMS.2017.087065","article-title":"Reflecting upon knowledge management studies: insights from systems thinking","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-10-2018-0645","article-title":"A knowledge-based view of people and technology: directions for a value co-creation-based learning organisation","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref016","article-title":"Why the guardian is changing the language it uses about the environment","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref017","first-page":"172","article-title":"Media(ted) discourses and climate change: a focus on political subjectivity and (dis)engagement","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref017a","volume-title":"The Rise of The Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1070496516631362","article-title":"The two sides of the Paris climate agreement: dismal failure or historic breakthrough?","volume":"25","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Environment & Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136092","article-title":"Climate change sentiment on twitter: an unsolicited public opinion poll","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Library of Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/2\/024024","article-title":"Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748- 9326\/11\/4\/048002","article-title":"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref022","article-title":"Parameters for crisis communication","volume-title":"The Handbook of Crisis Communication","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.2.382","article-title":"Risk communication, the West Nile virus epidemic: responding to the communication challenges posed by the intentional and unintentional release of a pathogen in an urban setting","volume":"78","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.12.008","article-title":"Knowledge management systems in support of disasters management: a two decades review","volume":"80","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310485604","article-title":"Knowledge: a sense making process shared through narrative","volume":"7","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref026","article-title":"German conspiracists protest against coronavirus lockdown","author":"DW","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4910","article-title":"Reaction to the threat of influenza pandemic: the mass media and the public","volume":"10","year":"2006","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5177(00)00048-0","article-title":"Towards a framework for tourism disaster management","volume":"22","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref029","article-title":"Trump suspends funding to world health organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref030","unstructured":"Fessenden-Raden, J., Fitchen, J.M. and Heath, J.S. (1987), \u201cProviding risk information in communities: factors influencing what is heard and accepted\u201d, Technical and Ethical Aspects of Risk Communication, Vol. 12, pp. 94-101, available at: www.jstor.org\/stable\/689388"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000403","article-title":"Communicating the threat of emerging infections to the public","volume":"6","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref031a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/1366987032000047815","article-title":"The views of scientific experts on how the public conceptualise uncertainty","volume":"6","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144123","article-title":"Risk communication for public health emergencies","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.015765","article-title":"The influence of climate change efficacy messages and efficacy beliefs on intended political participation","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/09653569510100965","article-title":"The Kobe earthquake: some realities of strategic management of crises and disasters","volume":"4","year":"1995","journal-title":"Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref035","article-title":"Crisis communication: defining the beast and de-marginalizing key publics","volume-title":"The Handbook of Crisis Communication","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/13669870802648486","article-title":"Communicating with the public during health crises: experts' experiences and opinions","volume":"12","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916515574085","article-title":"Are people high in skepticism about anthropogenic climate change necessarily resistant to influence? Some cause for optimism","volume":"48","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Climate Change IPCC Scientific Assessment. IPCC","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3283444c89"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12092","article-title":"Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research","volume":"39","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref040","unstructured":"IPCC (2007), \u201cClimate change 2007: synthesis report\u201d, available at: https:\/\/archive.ipcc.ch\/publications_and_data\/ar4\/syr\/en\/spms1.html"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref041","article-title":"IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref042","volume-title":"Climate Change: The 1990 and 1992 IPCC Assessments","author":"IPCC","year":"1992"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref043","unstructured":"IPCC (1992b), \u201cPolicymaker summary of working group III (formulation of response strategies)\u201d, available at: https:\/\/archive.ipcc.ch\/publications_and_data\/publications_ipcc_90_92_assessments_far.shtml (accessed 2 March 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref044","volume-title":"Climate Change 1995: A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC","year":"1995"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref045","article-title":"Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC","year":"2001"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref046","unstructured":"IPCC (2013), \u201cIPCC factsheet: What is the IPCC?\u201d, available at: www.ipcc.ch\/news_and_events\/docs\/factsheets\/FS_what_ipcc.pdf (accessed 21 July 2016)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101540","article-title":"Challenges in integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: exploring the Bangladesh case","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/09644010802055576","article-title":"The organisation of denial: conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environmental Politics"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2013.02.011","article-title":"Between science and politics: Swedish newspaper reporting on forests in a changing climate","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3546-3","article-title":"Developing effective communication materials on the health effects of climate change for vulnerable groups: a mixed methods study","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref051","volume-title":"Life Stories: The Creation of Coherence","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270110393202","article-title":"Narrative and social tacit knowledge","volume":"5","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref053","first-page":"131","article-title":"The environment: a cleaner, safer, healthier America. The Luntz research companies-straight talk","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.100537","article-title":"Making climate information services accessible to communities: what can we learn from environmental risk communication research?","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Climate"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.39.4.06","article-title":"Evidence synthesis evaluating risk communication during extreme weather and climate change: a scoping review","volume":"39","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introducing linkages between climate change, extreme events, and disaster risk reduction","volume-title":"Climate Change, Extreme Events and Disaster Risk Reduction. Sustainable Development Goals Series","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1378","article-title":"Climate change and moral judgement","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Climate Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-11-2014-0466","article-title":"Public sector knowledge management: a structured literature review","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref059","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effectiveness of knowledge management in the public sector","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowledge Management Research & Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/1081073050046109","article-title":"Defining moments in risk communication research: 1996-2005","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref061","first-page":"499","article-title":"Challenging global warming as a social problem: an analysis of the conservative movement's counterclaims","volume":"47","year":"2001","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2003.50.3.34","article-title":"Defeating Kyoto: the conservative movement's impact on US climate change policy","volume":"50","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3727\/154427206779307330","article-title":"Knowledge management for tourism crises and disasters","volume":"10","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tourism Review International"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref064","volume-title":"The Republican War on Science","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.013","article-title":"The future that may (or may not) come: how framing changes responses to uncertainty in climate change communications","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.011","article-title":"Communicating climate change: history, challenges, processes and future directions","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.403","article-title":"Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: what more is there to say?","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/00139150409605820","article-title":"Making climate HOT","volume":"46","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/108107301317140823","article-title":"Addressing cultural orientations in fear appeals: promoting AIDS-protective behaviors among Mexican immigrant and African American adolescents and American and Taiwanese college students","volume":"6","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2017.1313762","article-title":"To fear or not to fear? Applying the social amplification of risk framework on two environmental health risks in Singapore","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.10.012","article-title":"Emerging heat-related climate change influences; a public health challenge to health care practitioners and policy makers: insight from Bulawayo","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref072","article-title":"Trends in global co2 emissions2012 Report","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5702","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103618","article-title":"The scientific consensus on climate change","volume":"306","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044005","article-title":"Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007-10","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2014.995193","article-title":"Climate skepticism in British newspapers, 2007-2011","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.259","article-title":"Perceptions and communication strategies for the many uncertainties relevant for climate policy","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00842.x","article-title":"The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: an empirical study","volume":"17","year":"1997","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref078","first-page":"76","article-title":"The climate sceptics","volume-title":"Weather Catastrophes and Climate Change","year":"2005"},{"issue":"77","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.14714\/CP77.1235","article-title":"Sea level rise maps: how individual differences complicate the cartographic communication of an uncertain climate change hazard","volume":"77","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cartographic Perspectives"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref080","volume-title":"Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/153567600501000106","article-title":"Crisis and emergency risk communication","volume":"10","year":"2005","journal-title":"Applied Biosafety"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730590904571","article-title":"Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2003.09.004","article-title":"Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/713851980","article-title":"Uncertain science and certain deadlines: CDC responses to the media during the anthrax attacks of 2001","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref083a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758755","article-title":"Mismanagement of Covid-19. Lessons learned from Italy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662514537028","article-title":"Cinematic climate change, a promising perspective on climate change communication","volume":"24","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Understanding of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168017717602","article-title":"The impact of elite frames and motivated reasoning on beliefs in a global warming conspiracy: the promise and limits of trust","volume":"4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research & Politics"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref087","first-page":"231","article-title":"Communication, organization and crisis","volume-title":"Communication Yearbook","year":"1998"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref088","first-page":"155","article-title":"Public relations and crisis communication: organizing and chaos","volume-title":"Public Relations Handbook","year":"2001"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2017.1422787","article-title":"Risk and crisis communication narratives in response to rapidly emerging diseases","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2016.1164658","article-title":"Compliance of the parties to the Kyoto protocol in the first commitment period","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Climate Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1063\/PT.3.1296","article-title":"Communicating the science of climate change","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physics Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2016.1220967","article-title":"Climate change reporting in great Lakes region newspapers: a comparative study of the use of expert sources","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Communication"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref093","article-title":"Trump foments protests against governors; experts warn of testing shortages","author":"The New York Times","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.404.0863","article-title":"The knowledge management puzzle: human and social factors in knowledge management","volume":"40","year":"2001","journal-title":"IBM Systems Journal"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref095","unstructured":"UN (2015), \u201cSendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015 \u2013 2030\u201d, available at: www.preventionweb.net\/files\/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf (accessed 24 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref096","unstructured":"UN (2020), \u201cWorld water day 22 march\u201d, available at: www.un.org\/en\/observances\/water-day (accessed 25 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref097","unstructured":"UNFCCC (1998), \u201cKyoto protocol to the united nations framework convention on climate change\u201d, available at: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/resource\/docs\/convkp\/kpeng.pdf (accessed 25 October 2016)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref098","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2007), \u201cBali climate change Conference \u2013 December 2007\u201d, available at: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/conferences\/past-conferences\/bali-climate-change-conference-december-2007\/bali-climate-change-conference-december-2007-0 (accessed 25 October 2016)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref099","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2009), \u201cCopenhagen climate change Conference \u2013 December 2009\u201d, available at: http:\/\/unfccc.int\/meetings\/copenhagen_dec_2009\/meeting\/6295.php (accessed 25 October 2016)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0100","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2010), \u201cCancun climate change Conference \u2013 November 2010\u201d, available at: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/cancun-climate-change-conference-november-2010-0 (accessed 25 October 2016)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0101","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2010), \u201cDurban climate change Conference \u2013 November 2011\u201d, available at: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/conferences\/past-conferences\/durban-climate-change-conference-november-2011\/durban-climate-change-conference-november-2011 (accessed 25 October 2016)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0102","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2015), \u201cParis agreement\u201d, available at: http:\/\/unfccc.int\/paris_agreement\/items\/9485.php (accessed 24 October 2016)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00139.x","article-title":"The rise and (relative) decline of global warming as a social problem","volume":"33","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Sociological Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/08941929509380935","article-title":"Social scares and global warming: beyond the Rio convention","volume":"8","year":"1995","journal-title":"Society & Natural Resources"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.1998.45.4.03x0178v","article-title":"Bringing the issue back in: comparing the marketability of the ozone hole and global warming","volume":"45","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-6625\/9\/3\/306","article-title":"Knowledge, ignorance and the popular culture: climate change versus the ozone hole","volume":"9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Understanding of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3354\/cr023263","article-title":"Global warming versus ozone depletion: failure and success in North America","volume":"23","year":"2003","journal-title":"Climate Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2010.02.006","article-title":"Experimental evidence for a dual pathway model analysis of coping with the climate crisis","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.016","article-title":"Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change: dimensions, determinants and change over time","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0110","unstructured":"WHO (2020a), \u201cWHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 \u2013 11 march 2020\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19\u201411-march-2020 (accessed 11 March 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0111","unstructured":"WHO (2020b), \u201cSituation reports\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/situation-reports (accessed 23 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0112","unstructured":"WHO (2020c), \u201cCOVID-19 strategic preparedness and response plan\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/covid-19-sprp-unct-guidelines.pdf (accessed 23 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0113","unstructured":"WHO (2020d), \u201cRisk communication and community engagement (RCCE) action plan guidance COVID-19 preparedness and response\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/publications-detail\/risk-communication-and-community-engagement-(rcce)-action-plan-guidance (accessed 23 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0114","unstructured":"WHO (2020e), \u201cA guide to preventing and addressing social stigma\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/covid19-stigma-guide.pdf (accessed 24 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0115","unstructured":"WHO (2020f), \u201cStay physically active during self-quarantine\u201d, available at: www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/health-emergencies\/coronavirus-covid-19\/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-technical-guidance\/stay-physically-active-during-self-quarantine\/_recache#article (accessed 24 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0116","unstructured":"WHO (2020g), \u201cBeware of criminals pretending to be WHO\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/about\/communications\/cyber-security (accessed 25 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0117","unstructured":"WHO (2020h), \u201cHandbook for public health capacity-building at ground crossings and cross-border collaboration\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/publications-detail\/handbook-for-public-health-capacity-building-at-ground-crossings-and-cross-border-collaboration (accessed 24 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0118","unstructured":"WHO (2020i), \u201cWorld health day 2020\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/news-room\/campaigns\/world-health-day\/world-health-day-2020 (accessed 23 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0119","unstructured":"WHO (2020l), \u201cPractical considerations and recommendations for religious leaders and faith-based communities in the context of COVID-19\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/publications-detail\/practical-considerations-and-recommendations-for-religious-leaders-and-faith-based-communities-in-the-context-of-covid-19 (accessedaccessed 23 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0120","unstructured":"WHO (2020m), \u201cInfodemic management \u2013 infodemiology\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/teams\/risk-communication\/infodemic-management (accessed 23 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0121","unstructured":"WHO (2020n), \u201cWHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 \u2013 15 april 2020\u201d, available at: www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19\u201415-april-2020 (accessed 23 April 2020)."},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0122","unstructured":"WHO (2020o), \u201cCOVID-19 STRATEGY UPDATE april 14, 2020\u201d, (accessed 24 April 2020)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/13504622.2013.812720","article-title":"Enhancing learning, communication and public engagement about climate change -some lessons from recent literature","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Education Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(99)80147-7","article-title":"Expanding the crisis planning function: introducing elements of risk communication to crisis communication practice","volume":"24","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2190\/U43P-9QLX-HJ5P-U2J5","article-title":"The role of threat and efficacy in AIDS prevention","volume":"12","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Quarterly of Community Health Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2014.914050","article-title":"Media representations of climate change: a meta-Analysis of the research field","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Communication"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNFCCC (1992), \u201cUnited nations conference on environment and development\u201d, (accessed 25 October 2016), doi: 10.1007\/s11671-008-9208-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-008-9208-3"},{"key":"key2021020511560544400_ref0128","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2016), \u201cAbout UNFCCC\u201d, available at: http:\/\/newsroom.unfccc.int\/about\/file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/maria\/Downloads\/covid-strategy-update-14april2020.pdf (accessed19 October 2016)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-06-2020-0492\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-06-2020-0492\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:26:43Z","timestamp":1753396003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/24\/10\/2597-2614\/269266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JKM-06-2020-0492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-06-2020-0492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270","1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"},{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]}}}