{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T21:13:34Z","timestamp":1765142014476,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JKM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to the influence and impact of regulations and highlights the barriers to market entry faced by Australian professional service firms in the European Union (EU) and their strategies to manage and transfer tacit knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors collected data by reviewing relevant regulatory documents and conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants from Australian architecture firms and senior representatives from the professional, trade and regulatory bodies in Australia and Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Historically, Australian professional service firms use the United Kingdom (UK) as their EU base. The mutual recognition of qualifications and prior experiences are barriers to intra-organizational expatriation and knowledge transfer. The study identifies the dual nationality of the architects as a way of circumventing the residency\/nationality restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study discusses Brexit and how the uncertainty surrounding the UK and EU\u2019s agreement adds to the complexity for non-European firms\u2019 market entry and operations in the region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jkm-06-2021-0425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:54:09Z","timestamp":1637283249000},"page":"2177-2194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Internationalization and knowledge management strategies of service firms: impact of regulatory environment in regional markets"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Findlay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussain Gulzar","family":"Rammal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref001","unstructured":"ABS (2017), \u201cCensus of population and housing: Australia revealed, 2016\u201d, available at: www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Latestproducts\/2024.0Main%20Features22016 (accessed 4 July 2018)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2017.01.005","article-title":"The reshoring of business services: reaction to failure or persistent strategy?","volume":"52","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref003","unstructured":"Architects' Council of Europe (2021), \u201cThe architectural profession in Europe 2020: a sector study\u201d, Mirza & Nancey Research Ltd for The Architects' Council of Europe, Brussels, available at: https:\/\/euagenda.eu\/upload\/publications\/2020acesectorstudy.pdf"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2016.20","article-title":"How does regional institutional complexity affect MNE internationalization?","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-012-9325-5","article-title":"Internationalization in Japan's service industries","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Management"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-09-2020-0700","article-title":"How to counter organisational inertia to enable knowledge management practices adoption in public sector organisations","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-11-2015-0429","article-title":"How do collaboration and investments in knowledge management affect process innovation in services?","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11575-008-0024-x","article-title":"Rethinking the paradigm of service internationalisation: less resource-intensive market entry modes for information-intensive soft services","volume":"48","year":"2008","journal-title":"Management International Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref009","first-page":"413","article-title":"Performance of professional service firms from emerging markets: role of innovative services and firm capabilities","volume":"51","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1108\/02651330610660092","article-title":"Choice of foreign market entry mode in service firms","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"year":"2016","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref011","article-title":"Services trade in the UK: what is at stake?"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2016.08.006","article-title":"Looking for a service opening: building reputation by leveraging international activities and host country context","volume":"52","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2014.11.002","article-title":"Control in the multinational enterprise: the polycentric case of global professional service firms","volume":"50","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2013.12.004","article-title":"Knowing your boundaries: integration opportunities in international professional service firms","volume":"49","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-05-2021-0375","article-title":"Young aspiring globals (YAGs): early-stage strategies of knowledge-focused international entrepreneurs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1108\/02651330710727169","article-title":"An attribution theory approach for understanding the internationalization of professional service firms","volume":"24","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref017","article-title":"Australian meeting clears way for UK trade deal after Brexit","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2006.01.007","article-title":"Academic freedom for all in higher education: the role of the general agreement on trade in services","volume":"41","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"edition":"5th ed.","volume-title":"Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook","year":"2006","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref019"},{"volume-title":"Trade in Services Australia 2018-19","year":"2020","author":"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref020"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref021","unstructured":"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2021), \u201cEuropean Union\u201d, available at: https:\/\/dfat.gov.au\/trade\/resources\/Documents\/eu.pdf (accessed 22 May 2021)."},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref022","unstructured":"DFAT (2021), \u201cAustralia-UK FTA benefits fact sheet\u201d, available at: www.dfat.gov.au\/trade\/agreements\/negotiations\/aukfta\/benefits (accessed 3 August 2021)."},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref023","unstructured":"Drake-Brockman, J. and Findlay, C. (2011), \u201cWaiting till the cows come home: new routes to service reform\u201d, East Asia Forum, available at: www.eastasiaforum.org\/2011\/01\/24\/waiting-till-the-cows-come-home-new-routes-to-services-reform\/"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref024","unstructured":"European Commission (2012), \u201cCountries and regions: Australia\u201d, available at: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/trade\/creating-opportunities\/bilateral-relations\/countries\/australia\/ (accessed 3 November 2012)."},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref025","unstructured":"European Commission (2018), \u201cTowards an EU-Australia trade agreement\u201d, available at: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/trade\/policy\/in-focus\/eu-australia-trade-agreement\/ (accessed 18 August 2018)."},{"volume-title":"Handbook on the Implementation of Services Directive","year":"2007","author":"European Communities","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref026"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12122","article-title":"Global professional service firms and the challenge of institutional complexity: \u2018field relocation\u2019 as a response strategy","volume":"53","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-07-2018-0461","article-title":"Strategic knowledge management: theory, practice and future challenges","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800405284363","article-title":"Five misunderstandings about case-study research","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Inquiry"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-03-2018-0190","article-title":"Evaluating the role of social capital, tacit knowledge sharing, knowledge quality and reciprocity in determining innovation capability of an organization","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-02-2017-0058","article-title":"Knowledge management and professional experience: the uneasy dynamics between tacit knowledge and performativity in organizations","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref032","unstructured":"GATS (1991), \u201cServices sectoral classification list\u201d, available at: www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/serv_e\/mtn_gns_w_120_e.doc (accessed 10 September 2012)."},{"edition":"2nd ed.","volume-title":"Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction","year":"1999","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref033"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2307\/3069285","article-title":"Theorizing change: the role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields","volume":"45","year":"2002","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref035","article-title":"A phenomenological research design illustrated","volume":"3","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1108\/JSM-11-2015-0354","article-title":"Internationalization strategies for services: a retrospective","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Services Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref037","first-page":"553","article-title":"Global mobility of professionals and the transfer of tacit knowledge in multinational service firms","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2017.09.012","article-title":"Interpersonal relations in China: expatriates\u2019 perspective on the development and use of Guanxi","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Business Review"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref039","unstructured":"Hill, A. (2021), \u201cUK\u2019s services sector starts to count the real cost of Brexit\u201d, Financial Times, Vol. 10 May No, available at: www.ft.com\/content\/d0c10195-0e2e-4913-af74-3b7057163e3f"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.23478217","article-title":"The importance of resources in the internationalization of professional service firms: the good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"49","year":"2006","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref041","first-page":"143","article-title":"Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data","volume-title":"Qualitative Research","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-05-2010-0121","article-title":"Service embeddedness and its role in a firm\u2019s internationalisation process: an Australian perspective","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations & Production Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-09-2013-0187","article-title":"Value creation logics and internationalization of service firms","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2009.24","article-title":"The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership","volume":"40","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref045","first-page":"245","article-title":"Professional services","volume-title":"Potential Benefits of an Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement: Key Issues and Options","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2005.05.009","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of services liberalization in a developing country","volume":"81","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2015.05.002","article-title":"Turning the spotlight on service multinationals: new theoretical insights and empirical evidence","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"volume-title":"Australia's Evolving Relationship with the European Union: An Update","year":"2012","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref048"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/jiel\/6.2.299","article-title":"China\u2019s accession to the WTO: the services dimension","volume":"6","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of International Economic Law"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-11-2020-0264","article-title":"Investigating the influence of absorptive capacity of recipients within cross-border transfer of knowledge: evidence from emerging markets","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2015.04.003","article-title":"Customer interaction uncertainty, knowledge, and service firm internationalization","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1080.0412","article-title":"Perspective-tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory","volume":"20","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JGM-03-2021-0020","article-title":"Knowledge management, sharing and transfer in cross-national teams and the remote management of team members: the onsite-offshore phenomenon of service EMNEs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8551.2010.00698.x","article-title":"Investment and control decisions in foreign markets: evidence from service industries","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Management"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref055","first-page":"209","article-title":"The global race for FDI: the case of Australian investment in Europe","volume-title":"European Union and the Race for Foreign Direct Investment in Europe","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref056","first-page":"550","article-title":"New perspectives on the internationalization of service firms","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-08-2017-0349","article-title":"Internal and external search strategies of innovative firms: the role of the target market","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2008.03.013","article-title":"Delivering \u2018effortless experience\u2019 across borders: managing internal consistency in professional service firms","volume":"44","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref059","first-page":"137","article-title":"Hermeneutic phenomenology and international entrepreneurship research","volume":"4","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of International Entrepreneurship"},{"volume-title":"Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook","year":"2000","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref060"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref061","article-title":"These are the big winners from the British free trade deal","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australian Financial Review"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref062","first-page":"61","article-title":"What difference does Brexit make?. Potential benefits of an Australia-EU free trade agreement","volume-title":"Potential Benefits of an Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement: Key Issues and Options","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref063","unstructured":"World Bank (2019), \u201cWorld development indicators: structure of output\u201d, available at: http:\/\/wdi.worldbank.org\/table\/4.2 (accessed 26 May 2021)."},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref064","unstructured":"World Bank (2020), \u201cTrade in services\u201d, available at: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/BG.GSR.NFSV.GD.ZS (accessed 13 May 2021)."},{"key":"key2022092210272560700_ref065","unstructured":"WTO and the World Bank (2018), \u201cI-TIP services: GATS\u201d, available at: http:\/\/i-tip.wto.org\/services\/default.aspx (accessed 12 July 2018)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022092210272560700_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2014.57","article-title":"Customer involvement and service firm internationalization performance: an integrative framework","volume":"46","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-06-2021-0425\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-06-2021-0425\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:26:43Z","timestamp":1753396003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/26\/9\/2177-2194\/269850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JKM-06-2021-0425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-06-2021-0425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270","1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1367-3270"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1367-3270"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]}}}