{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T23:51:35Z","timestamp":1774655495890,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JKM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to investigate the importance of relational and conditional knowledge by assessing how service and signaling competences affect manufacturing firms\u2019 productivity. These relationships are explored in the context of Africa, where, paradoxically, firms selling abroad must satisfy different market demands than firms that serve only domestic markets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors draw on the World Bank Enterprise Survey to perform a cross-sectional analysis of 4,683 manufacturing firms. These surveys cover the period 2009-2017 and 35 different African countries. The authors define service competence development as co-location with knowledge-intensive business service (KIBS) firms, measured through KIBS density at city level. Signaling is measured through outward-looking competences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper shows that African exporters differ significantly from their non-exporting counterparts in terms of productivity and competences. External service competence generates productivity gains for exporters but has the opposite effect for non-exporters. Results consistent with previous research also show that signaling competences generate productivity gains, but the effect for firms serving domestic markets is stronger than the effect for exporting firms. The authors use paradoxes of learning to interpret these results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study detects nuances of the African context that increase the understanding of knowledge management in emerging markets. The findings would benefit from confirmation in a longitudinal and causal setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>African exporting firms should establish mechanisms to develop joint knowledge with external partners (know-with) to enhance their competitiveness, whereas African non-exporters should prioritize building knowledge credibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study develops a novel empirical approach to analyzing firm competences in Africa. It also shows that contextualization of existing knowledge management theories matters, opening a research avenue to test further existing theories in emerging economies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jkm-07-2018-0433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T05:43:27Z","timestamp":1548395007000},"page":"81-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Knowledge management competences, exporting and productivity: uncovering African paradoxes"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ferran","family":"Vendrell-Herrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian K.","family":"Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pervez","family":"Ghauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-013-9505-9","article-title":"The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship","volume":"41","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Africa\u2019s competitiveness in the global economy: past, present and future","volume-title":"In Africa\u2019s Competitiveness in the Global Economy","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref003","unstructured":"Africa Investment Report (2016), available at: www.camara.es\/sites\/default\/files\/publicaciones\/the-africa-investment-report-2016.pdf (accessed 15 February 2018)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2307\/3250961","article-title":"Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: conceptual foundations and research issues","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-02-2017-0030","article-title":"Africa rising in an emerging world: an international marketing perspective","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1108\/13673271111179343","article-title":"Knowledge processes, knowledge-intensity and innovation: a moderated mediation analysis","volume":"15","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1080.0406","article-title":"Exploitation-exploration tensions and organizational ambidexterity: managing paradoxes of innovation","volume":"20","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"20","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2014.985330","article-title":"How communication approaches impact mergers and acquisitions outcomes","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2012.750423","article-title":"Nested methodological approaches for cluster policy evaluation: an application to the Basque Country","volume":"48","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.03.012","article-title":"Does the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship hold for regions?","volume":"34","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref011","volume-title":"Industrial and Regional Policies in an Enlarging EU","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBE.2017.085350","article-title":"Collectivism and assertiveness as determinants of innovation in small and medium enterprises in Egypt","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref013","first-page":"2169","article-title":"Value network dominance and risk perception in servitized manufacturing firms","volume":"56","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/jsc.2188","article-title":"Emerging digital business models in developing economies: the case of Cameroon","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strategic Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340052000320887","article-title":"Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.08.017","article-title":"Service implementation in manufacturing: an organisational transformation perspective","volume":"192","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustinza, O.F. Gomes, E. Vendrell-Herrero, F. and Baines, T. (2017b), \u201cProduct\u2013service innovation and performance: the role of collaborative partnerships and R&D intensity\u201d, R&D Management, available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/radm.12269.","DOI":"10.1111\/radm.12269"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBE.2018.095819","article-title":"Product-service innovation and performance: unveiling the complexities","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jsc.2186","article-title":"An organizational change framework for digital servitization: evidence from the Veneto region","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strategic Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dtq069","article-title":"Balancing specialized and generic capabilities in the provision of integrated solutions","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2007.11.016","article-title":"Strategic human resource practices and innovation performance \u2013 the mediating role of knowledge management capacity","volume":"62","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/11.3.529","article-title":"The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from xerox corporation\u2019s technology spin\u2010off companies","volume":"11","year":"2002","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1108\/JCM-10-2013-0729","article-title":"Rise of the Middle of the pyramid in Africa: theoretical and practical realities for understanding middle class consumer purchase decision making","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Marketing"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2018.05.003","article-title":"Power outages and firm performance in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"134","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-10-2014-0447","article-title":"Competencies for knowledge management: development and validation of a scale","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4\/5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref026","first-page":"475","article-title":"Regional innovation systems: institutional and organizational dimensions","volume":"26","year":"1997","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2012.731045","article-title":"The \u2018KIBS engine\u2019 of regional innovation systems: empirical evidence from European regions","volume":"48","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref028","first-page":"820","article-title":"Should everybody be in services? The effect of servitization on manufacturing firm performance","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-06-2014-0243","article-title":"Directions of external knowledge search: investigating their different impact on firm performance in high-technology industries","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref030","article-title":"Paradox theory and the paradox of success","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2016.1201125","article-title":"Ambidextrous leadership, paradox and contingency: evidence from Angola","year":"2016","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge management and the broader firm: strategy, advantage, and performance","volume-title":"Knowledge Management Handbook","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-02-2016-0068","article-title":"Knowledge management as a factor for the formulation and implementation of organization strategy","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-016-9496-1","article-title":"Global knowledge intensive enterprises and international technology transfer: emerging perspectives from a quadruple helix environment","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-06-2014-0264","article-title":"Managerial practices and operative directions of knowledge management within inter-firm networks: a global view","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-07-2015-0257","article-title":"The impact of IT-based knowledge management systems on internal venturing and innovation: a structural equation modeling approach to corporate performance","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/0023656X.2016.1140707","article-title":"The legacies of coercion and the challenges of contingency: Mozambican unions in difficult times","volume":"57","year":"2016","journal-title":"Labor History"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2007.10.005","article-title":"Determinants of corporate cash holdings: evidence from spin-offs","volume":"32","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Banking & Finance"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270710762684","article-title":"The role of knowledge management in innovation","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-04-2015-0196","article-title":"Mitigating uncertainty for industrial service operations: a multi case study","volume":"36","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations & Production Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref041","first-page":"202","article-title":"Beyond dualism: stability and change as a duality","volume":"35","year":"2010","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1108\/09555340510588011","article-title":"The role of SMEs in improving the competitive position of the European union","volume":"17","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Business Review"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.12.007","article-title":"Organizational capabilities for pay-per-use services in product-oriented companies","volume":"192","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2013.02.014","article-title":"The impact of international standards certification on the performance of firms in less developed countries","volume":"47","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref045","article-title":"The antecedents and implications of territorial servitization","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-03-2017-0054","article-title":"Testing the self-selection theory in high corruption environments: evidence from African SMEs","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref047a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2007.00222.x","article-title":"The role of dualities in arbitrating continuity and change in forms of organizing","volume":"10","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9701.00243","article-title":"Exporting, ownership and confidence in Tanzanian enterprises","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"The World Economy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three dimensional knowledge management and explicit knowledge reuse","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management Practice"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref049","volume-title":"Knowledge Management in Organizations: A Critical Introduction","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref050","volume-title":"An Economic History of West Africa","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref051","article-title":"Knowledge-intensive territorial servitization: regional driving forces and the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/tie.21473","article-title":"The internationalization of African firms 1995\u20132011: review and implications","volume":"54","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thunderbird International Business Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref053","first-page":"895","article-title":"Beyond skepticism: can accessing persuasion knowledge bolster credibility?","volume":"43","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2010.8","article-title":"Understanding corruption and firm responses in cross-national firm-level surveys","volume":"41","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-06-2014-0242","article-title":"Knowledge management practices for innovation: a multinational corporation\u2019s perspective","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2010.05.011","article-title":"Contemporary developments in the management of human resources in Africa","volume":"46","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA5781","article-title":"Observing unobservables: identifying information asymmetries with a consumer credit field experiment","volume":"77","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1201\/1078\/43194.18.1.20010101\/31261.3","article-title":"Strategies for creating a learning organization","volume":"18","year":"2001","journal-title":"Information Systems Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2010.0767","article-title":"Move to the beat: rhythms of change and firm performance","volume":"56","year":"2013","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-06-2016-0357","article-title":"Can you put too much on your plate? Uncertainty exposure in servitized triads","volume":"37","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations & Production Management"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.12.006","article-title":"Territorial servitization: exploring the virtuous circle connecting knowledge-intensive services and new manufacturing businesses","volume":"192","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/19416521003691287","article-title":"Exploration and exploitation within and across organizations","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Academy of Management Annals"},{"issue":"6\/7","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref063","first-page":"615","article-title":"Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: a study on technology-based ventures","volume":"22","year":"2001","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270810913603","article-title":"Modeling competencies for supporting work-integrated learning in knowledge work","volume":"12","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1108\/13673271311300787","article-title":"Acquiring external knowledge to avoid wheel re-invention","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref066","volume-title":"National Systems of Innovation: Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2015.06.001","article-title":"How valuable is information and communication technology? A study of emerging economy enterprises","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71","article-title":"Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning","volume":"2","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00467","article-title":"The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity","volume":"71","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/23322373.2015.1026761","article-title":"Africa is just like every other place, in that it is unlike any other place","volume":"1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Africa Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBE.2017.085345","article-title":"Distances, multinational organisational learning, and firm performance: a new perspective","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2015.34","article-title":"Theoretical foundations of emerging economy business research","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(01)00164-0","article-title":"Business services as actors of knowledge transformation: the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems","volume":"30","year":"2001","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref074","unstructured":"New York Times (2018), \u201cSecrets or knowledge? Uber-Waymo trial tests silicon valley culture\u201d, available at: www.nytimes.com\/2018\/01\/30\/technology\/waymo-uber-lawsuit.html?partner=IFTTT (accessed 31 January 2018)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-017-9628-2","article-title":"The causal relation between entrepreneurial ecosystem and productive entrepreneurship: a measurement framework","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.1.14","article-title":"A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation","volume":"5","year":"1994","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.47.11.1441.10249","article-title":"Leveraging the customer base: creating competitive advantage through knowledge management","volume":"47","year":"2001","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref078","first-page":"134","article-title":"Boosting small and medium enterprises performance in Nigeria through mobile commerce","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Business and Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/tie.21478","article-title":"An exploratory study of international strategic choices for exporting firms in Nigeria","volume":"54","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thunderbird International Business Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2307\/2171831","article-title":"The dynamics of productivity in the telecommunications equipment industry","volume":"64","year":"1996","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2012.10.002","article-title":"Moving from products to solutions: strategic approaches for developing capabilities","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2516","article-title":"Organizational knowledge networks and local search: the role of intra\u2010organizational inventor networks","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1110.0624","article-title":"The (n) ever-changing world: stability and change in organizational routines","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2005.00416.x","article-title":"Global network configuration for innovation: a study of international fibre innovation","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"R and D Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2307\/25148678","article-title":"Effective use of knowledge management systems: a process model of content ratings and credibility indicators","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2016.1162421","article-title":"Contradictions, dialectics, and paradoxes in organizations: a constitutive approach","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Annals"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.11.004","article-title":"Strategy map of servitization","volume":"192","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308316058","article-title":"Organizational ambidexterity: antecedents, outcomes, and moderators","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0113","article-title":"Linking knowledge management and innovation in SMEs: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"IUP Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2016.1162422","article-title":"Paradox research in management science: looking back to move forward","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Academy of Management Annals"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.03.021","article-title":"The performance implications of leveraging internal innovation through social media networks: an empirical verification of the smart fashion industry","volume":"120","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBE.2018.095808","article-title":"KIBS and innovation in machine tool manufacturers. Evidence from the Basque Country","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Environment"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref092","article-title":"Territorial servitization in Marshallian industrial districts: the industrial district as a place-based form of servitization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270610691152","article-title":"The contribution of KIBS to innovation in cities: an evolutionary and institutional perspective","volume":"10","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/13662710902728001","article-title":"Place, space and distance: towards a geography of knowledge-intensive business services innovation","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"Industry & Innovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2013.71","article-title":"Domestic alliance network to attract foreign partners: evidence from international joint ventures in China","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref096","first-page":"381","article-title":"Toward a theory of paradox: a dynamic equilibrium model of organizing","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0134","article-title":"Managing strategic contradictions: a top management model for managing innovation streams","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270410523871","article-title":"The interdependency between strategic management and strategic knowledge management","volume":"8","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jae\/12.1.1","article-title":"Are manufacturing exports the key to economic success in Africa","volume":"12","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of African Economies"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0100","first-page":"303","article-title":"Contextualizing international business research: enhancing rigor and relevance","volume":"53","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/sej.1171","article-title":"Source and patterns of organizational defiance of formal institutions: insights from Nollywood, the Nigerian movie industry","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2018.05.025","article-title":"Extractive institutions in non-tradeable industries","volume":"170","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2016.08.007","article-title":"Building international business bridges in geographically isolated areas: the role of foreign market focus and outward looking competences in Latin American SMEs","volume":"52","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2018.01.005","article-title":"Uncovering the role of cross-border strategic alliances and expertise decision centralization in enhancing product-service innovation in MMNEs","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Business Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2013.08.008","article-title":"Exploring the role of knowledge management practices on exports: a dynamic capabilities view","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Business Review"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0106","article-title":"New KIBS on the bloc: the location determinants of startups in knowledge-intensive business services in different spatial contexts","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/41166000","article-title":"Developing a knowledge strategy","volume":"41","year":"1999","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270910997088","article-title":"Knowledge management and organizational performance: an exploratory analysis","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2002.6587995","article-title":"Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization, and extension","volume":"27","year":"2002","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2007.07.009","article-title":"Initiation of business relationships in service-dominant settings","volume":"37","year":"2008","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12063-009-0015-5","article-title":"Exploring the financial consequences of the servitization of manufacturing","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Operations Management Research"},{"key":"key2020013009402810300_ref0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2014.12.036","article-title":"The value of big data in servitization","volume":"165","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-07-2018-0433\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JKM-07-2018-0433\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:26:56Z","timestamp":1753396016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/24\/1\/81-104\/271705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JKM-07-2018-0433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-07-2018-0433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]}}}