{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T21:29:30Z","timestamp":1771104570500,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]],"date-time":"2014-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to compare the use of two Object-Relational models against the use of a post-Relational model for a realistic application. Although real-world applications, in most cases, can be adequately modeled by the Entity-Relationship (ER) model, the transformation to the popular Relational model alters the representation of structures common in reality, like multi-valued and composite fields. Alternative database models have been developed to overcome these shortcomings. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 Based on the ER model of a medical application, this paper compares the information representation, manipulation and enforcement of integrity constraints through PostgreSQL and Oracle, against the use of a post-Relational model composed of the Conceptual Universal Database Language (CUDL) and the Conceptual Universal Database Language Abstraction Level (CAL). <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The CAL\/CUDL pair, although more periphrastic for data definition, is simpler for data insertions, does not require the use of procedural code for data updates, produces clearer output for retrieval of attributes, can accomplish retrieval of rows based on conditions that address composite data with declarative statements and supports data validation for relationships between composite data without the need for procedural code. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 To verify, in practice, the conclusions of the paper, complete implementation of a CAL\/CUDL system is needed. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The use of the CAL\/CUDL pair would advance the productivity of database application development. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 This paper highlights the properties of realistic database-applications modelling and management that are desirable by developers and shows that these properties are better satisfied by the CAL\/CUDL pair.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jsit-05-2014-0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,16]],"date-time":"2014-11-16T12:47:31Z","timestamp":1416142051000},"page":"313-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Post-Relational and Object-Relational modelling for real-world database applications"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nikitas","family":"N. Karanikolas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Vassilakopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anh\u00f8j, J.\n                (2003), \u201cGeneric design of web-based clinical databases\u201d, Journal Medical Internet Research, Vol. 5 No. 4, available at: www.jmir.org\/2003\/4\/e27\/","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5.4.e27"},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b2","unstructured":"Cai, J.\n               , \n                  Johnson, S.\n                and \n                  Hripcsak, G.\n                (2000), \u201cGeneric data modeling for home telemonitoring of chronically ill patients\u201d, in American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium 2000 (AMIA 2000), Los Angeles, CA, pp. 116-120."},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P.P.-S.\n                (1976), \u201cThe entity-relationship model\u2014toward a unified view of data\u201d, ACM Transactions Database Systems, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 9-36.","DOI":"10.1145\/320434.320440"},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b4","unstructured":"Codd, E.F.\n                (1969), \u201cDerivability, redundancy, and consistency of relations stored in large data banks\u201d, Vol. RJ599, IBM Research Report, San Jose."},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Codd, E.F.\n                (1970), \u201cA relational model of data for large shared data banks\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 13 No. 6, pp. 377-387.","DOI":"10.1145\/362384.362685"},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b6","unstructured":"Elmasri, R.\n                and \n                  Navathe, S.B.\n                (2010), Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6th ed., Addison Wesley Publishing, Reading, MA."},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, S.B.\n                (1996), \u201cGeneric data modeling for clinical repositories\u201d, Journal of American Medical Informatics Association, Vol. 3 No. 5, pp. 328-339.","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.97035024"},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b8","unstructured":"Johnson, S.B.\n                and \n                  Chatziantoniou, D.\n                (1999), \u201cExtended SQL for manipulating clinical warehouse data\u201d, in American Medical Informatics Association Symposium (AMIA 1999), Washington, DC, pp. 819-823."},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karanikolas, N.N.\n                and \n                  Vassilakopoulos, M.\n                (2009), \u201cConceptual universal database language: moving up the database design levels\u201d, in \n                  Grundspenkis, J.\n               , \n                  Morzy, T.\n                and \n                  Vossen, G.\n                (Eds), Advances in Databases and Information Systems (ADBIS2009), 13th East European Conference, Riga, Latvia, Springer, Berlin, 7-10 September, pp. 330-346.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03973-7_24"},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b10","unstructured":"Karanikolas, N.N.\n                and \n                  Vassilakopoulos, M.\n                (2011), \u201cDatabase design with real-world structures\u201d, in eRA-5 Proceedings of the Contribution of Information Technology to Science, Economy, Society and Education, Piraeus, Greece, 15-18 \n               September, Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus, Piraeus, pp. 473-486."},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b11","unstructured":"Karanikolas, N.N.\n                and \n                  Vassilakopoulos, M.\n                (2012), \u201cDatabase design revisited\u201d, International Journal on Integrated Information Management, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 60-86."},{"key":"key2020122721213282600_b12","unstructured":"Karanikolas, N.N.\n               , \n                  Nitsiou, M.\n               , \n                  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