{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:38:15Z","timestamp":1791589095769,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to test the causal relationship between urban-biased policy and urban-rural income gap and further examine the moderating role of government intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the provincial Government Work Reports and the long-term policy practice of implementing the target responsibility system, the authors construct a unique indicator of urban-biased policy in China. Further, applying the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces in 2003\u20132018, the authors explore the causal relationship between urban-biased policy and urban-rural income gap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that urban-biased policy has contributed to the widen urban-rural income gap in China, which supports Lipton's urban-biased hypothesis. Further research shows that the stronger the government intervention, the bigger the role of urban-biased policy in widening urban-rural income gap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>On the one hand, this study not only investigates the direct effect of urban-biased policy on urban-rural income gap, but also examines the moderating effect from the perspective of government intervention, which helps to enrich the relevant studies of urban-biased theory. On the other hand, the authors' findings provide the latest empirical evidence for urban-biased policy to widen urban-rural income gap and presents a reference and warning for China and other developing countries about balancing the relationship between equity and efficiency during economic development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-01-2023-0084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:44:19Z","timestamp":1691142259000},"page":"4929-4947","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Urban-biased policy, government intervention and urban-rural income gap: evidence from provincial government work reports in China"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0958-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changfei","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref001","volume-title":"Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's companion","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref002","volume-title":"Markets and States in Tropical Africa","year":"1981"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref003","volume-title":"Toward a Political Economy of Development: A Rational Choice perspective","year":"1988"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0080(99)80012-1","article-title":"Urbanization in transforming economies","volume":"3","year":"1999","journal-title":"Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2307\/2095451","article-title":"Urbanization and underdevelopment: a global study of modernization, urban bias, and economic dependency","volume":"52","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref006","first-page":"189","article-title":"Rural urban income gap and critical point of institutional change","volume":"40","year":"2007","journal-title":"Economic Change and Restructuring"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02529203.2013.875651","article-title":"Development strategy, urbanization and the urban-rural income gap in China","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Sciences in China"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1108\/CAER-05-2021-0096","article-title":"Effect of industrial structure on urban\u2013rural income inequality in China","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Agricultural Economic Review"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2018.02.001","article-title":"Career concerns and multitasking local bureaucrats: evidence of a target-based performance evaluation system in China","volume":"133","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/CAER-12-2021-0256","article-title":"Rurbanomics for common prosperity: new approach to integrated urban-rural development","volume":"15","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Agricultural Economic Review"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2015.12.004","article-title":"Income inequality and violent crime: evidence from Mexico's drug war","volume":"120","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2022.2050685","article-title":"Re-examining the effect of China\u2019s new-energy demonstration cities construction policy on environmental pollution: a perspective of pollutant emission intensity control","volume":"65","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Planning and Management"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2022.12.020","article-title":"The effect of broadband infrastructure construction on urban green innovation: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China","volume":"77","year":"2023","journal-title":"Economic Analysis and Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3390\/land12030701","article-title":"The effect of place-based policy on urban land green use efficiency: evidence from the pilot free-trade zone establishment in China","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8381.2010.02034.x","article-title":"Urban\u2010biased policies and the increasing rural\u2013urban expenditure gap in Vietnam in the 1990s","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Economic Journal"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref016","volume-title":"Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela","year":"1966"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2021.1885603","article-title":"Urbanization, inclusive finance and urban-rural income gap","volume":"29","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-1190(82)90019-5","article-title":"The impact of government policies on urban concentration","volume":"12","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/pirs.12504","article-title":"Has highway construction narrowed the urban\u2013rural income gap? Evidence from Chinese cities","volume":"99","year":"2020","journal-title":"Papers in Regional Science"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2015.09.002","article-title":"Demography, urbanization and development: rural push, urban pull and\u2026 urban push?","volume":"98","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"issue":"03","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217590820500319","article-title":"Is local government intervention effective in promoting the TFP of an old industrial area? - A spatial econometric analysis of Northeast China","volume":"66","year":"2021","journal-title":"Singapore Economic Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2020.1838432","article-title":"Price dynamics of China's housing market and government intervention","volume":"53","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/cwe.12401","article-title":"Growth and common prosperity in China","volume":"30","year":"2022","journal-title":"China and World Economy"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref024","volume-title":"Is There an Urban Bias in Public Expenditure: A Welfare approach","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x","article-title":"Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour","volume":"22","year":"1954","journal-title":"The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2018.10.008","article-title":"Which indicator of income distribution explains crime better? Evidence from China","volume":"54","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Economic Review"},{"issue":"623","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uez018","article-title":"Target setting in tournaments: theory and evidence from China","volume":"129","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1585469","article-title":"Shehui Ren: cultural production and rural youths' use of the Kuaishou video-sharing app in Eastern China","volume":"23","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information, Communication and Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/pirs.12571","article-title":"E\u2010commerce development and urban\u2010rural income gap: evidence from Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"100","year":"2021","journal-title":"Papers in Regional Science"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref030","volume-title":"Why Poor People Stay Poor: A Study of Urban Bias in World development","year":"1977"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref031","first-page":"229","article-title":"Urban bias: of consequences, classes and causality. (Special issue: beyond urban bias)","volume":"29","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref032","article-title":"Economic growth target, distortion of public expenditure and business cycle in China","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2307\/2095652","article-title":"Urban bias, dependence, and economic stagnation in noncore nations","volume":"53","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2753\/CES1097-1475390304","article-title":"Urbanization, urban-biased policies, and urban-rural inequality in China, 1987-2001","volume":"39","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chinese Economy"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref035","article-title":"Transport infrastructure and urban-rural income disparity: a\u00a0municipal-level analysis in China","volume":"99","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Geography"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2018.07.001","article-title":"GDP management to meet or beat growth targets","volume":"66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Accounting and Economics"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref037","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can place-based policies reduce urban-rural income inequality? Evidence from China's old revolutionary development program based on county-level data","year":"2023","journal-title":"Economic Research-Ekonomska Istra\u017eivanja"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2307\/1881960","article-title":"Economic space: theory and applications","volume":"64","year":"1950","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.11.023","article-title":"Environmental labeling certification and corporate environmental innovation: the moderating role of corporate ownership and local government intervention","volume":"140","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2021.97006","article-title":"Regional development disparities in Sri Lanka","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Journal of Social Sciences"},{"issue":"43","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2022.2038778","article-title":"Religion, government intervention and crash risk: lessons from China","volume":"54","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1111\/pirs.12428","article-title":"Is financial development narrowing the urban\u2013rural income gap? A cross\u2010regional study of China","volume":"98","year":"2019","journal-title":"Papers in Regional Science"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref043","article-title":"Urban-biased land development policy and the urban-rural income gap: evidence from Hubei Province, China","volume":"87","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref044","article-title":"Government intervention, market development, and pollution emission efficiency: evidence from China","volume":"757","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"key2024110805471829600_ref045","article-title":"The pressure of economic growth and the issuance of Urban Investment Bonds: based on panel data from 2005 to 2011 in China","volume":"76","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Asian Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref046","article-title":"Anti-corruption, government intervention, and corporate cash holdings: evidence from China","volume":"44","year":"2020","journal-title":"Economic Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.2.306","article-title":"Urban-biased policies and rising income inequality in China","volume":"89","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-04-2021-0227","article-title":"Does e-commerce narrow the urban\u2013rural income gap? Evidence from Chinese provinces","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-022-09945-1","article-title":"Have housing prices contributed to regional imbalances in urban\u2013rural income gap in China?","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Housing and the Built Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021343","article-title":"Government intervention, structural transformation, and carbon emissions: evidence from China","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042120","article-title":"Does digital inclusive finance narrow the urban-rural income gap through primary distribution and redistribution?","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024110805471829600_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1111\/grow.12502","article-title":"The impact of industrial structure upgrades on the urban\u2013rural income gap: an empirical study based on China's provincial panel data","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Growth and Change"}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-01-2023-0084\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-01-2023-0084\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:46:40Z","timestamp":1753393600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/53\/11\/4929-4947\/1213278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-01-2023-0084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-01-2023-0084","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0368-492X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]}}}