{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1754155518454,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]],"date-time":"2015-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 If we know something about the patterns and conditions of crime against humanity, we may perhaps at an early point be able to diagnose and identify developments that lead to these acts. If such developments can be diagnosed, it will be easier for the international community to intervene and stop developments that can lead to a human catastrophe. Consequently, the main reason to examine the patterns and conditions for crime against humanity is to contribute to efforts that will ensure that this crimes likely do not happen again. The paper aims to discuss these issues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Designing system of propositions to develop a theory of crime against humanity, using a typology and conceptual models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Development of a model for management by obedience leading to evil acts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Understanding patterns leading to evil acts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 A model of management by obedience. The model is a way to understand and explain crimes against humanity from a systemic perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Development of a typology of crimes against humanity and development of a theory (system of propositions) of crimes against humanity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-02-2014-0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]],"date-time":"2015-01-13T05:41:38Z","timestamp":1421127698000},"page":"159-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Management by obedience: the patterns that lead to evil acts"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jon-Arild","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b1","unstructured":"Arendt, H. (2006), Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil , Penguin Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b2","unstructured":"Aronson, R. (1983), Dialectics of Disaster: A Preface to Hope , Verso, London."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b4","unstructured":"Bauman, Z. (2000), Modernity and the Holocaust , Policy, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumeister, R.E. and Leary, M.R. (1995), \u201cThe need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation\u201d, Psychological Bulletin , Vol. 117 No. 3, pp. 427-529.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497"},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b6","unstructured":"Bloxham, D. and Moses, D. (2010), \u201cEditor\u2019s introduction: changing themes in the study of genocide\u201d, in Bloxham, D. and Moses, D. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-19."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b7","unstructured":"Bulag, U.E. (2010), \u201cTwentieth-century China: ethnic assimilation and intergroup violence\u201d, in Bloxham, D. and Moses, D. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 426-445."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b8","unstructured":"Bunge, M. (1974a), Sense and Reference , Reidel, Dordrecht."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunge, M. (1974b), Interpretation and Truth , Reidel, Dordrecht.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9922-6_3"},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunge, M. (1977), Treatise on Basic Philosophy. Vol. 3. Ontology I: The Furniture of the World , D. Reidel, Dordrecht.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9924-0"},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b11","unstructured":"Bunge, M. (1999), The Sociology-Philosophy Connection , Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b12","unstructured":"Davis, L. (1989), The Slaughterhouse Province: An American Diplomat\u2019s Report on the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1917 , Aristide D. Caratazas, New Rochelle, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman, S. (2003), The Essensial Child: Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Life , Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195154061.001.0001"},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gellately, R. (2001), Backing Hitler , Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198205609.001.0001"},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b15","unstructured":"Goldhagen, D.J. (2009), Hitler\u2019s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust , Abacus, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b16","unstructured":"Hagtvedt, B. (2008), \u201cDen farlige renhetslengselen\u201d, in Hagtvedt, B. (Ed.), Folkemordenes Svarte Bok , Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 21-58."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harff, B. and Gurr, R.T. (1988), \u201cToward empirical theory of genocides and politicides: identification and measurement of cases since 1945\u201d, International Studies Quarterly , Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 359-371.","DOI":"10.2307\/2600447"},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b18","unstructured":"Katz, S.T. (1994), The Holocaust in Historical Context , Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b19","unstructured":"Keen, S. (2004), Faces of the Enemy: Reflections on the Hostile Imagination , Harper & Row, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b20","unstructured":"Kuper, L. (1981), Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century , Yale University Press, London."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b21","unstructured":"Lemkin, R. (2008), Axis Rule in Occupied Europe , The Lawbook Exchange, London."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b22","unstructured":"Levene, M. (2008), The Meaning of Genocide , I.B. Tauris, London."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b23","unstructured":"Levene, M. (2010), \u201cFrom past to future: prospects for genocide and its avoidance in the twenty-first century\u201d, in Bloxham, D. and Moses, D. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 638-661."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b24","unstructured":"Lieven, D. (2000), Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals , Yale University Press, New Haven, CT."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, M. (2005), The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817274"},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b26","unstructured":"Milgram, S. (2010), Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View , Harper, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b27","unstructured":"Mills, W.C. (1999), The Power Elite , Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b28","unstructured":"Moses D.A. (2010), \u201cRaphael Lemkin, culture and the concept of genocide\u201d, in Bloxham, D. and Moses, D. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 19-42."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b29","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil, K.L. (2010), \u201cAntropology and genocide\u201d, in Bloxham, D. and Moses, D. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 182-198."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b30","unstructured":"Rummel, R.J. (1997), Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 , Transaction Publishes, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b31","unstructured":"Schabas, W.A. (2010), \u201cThe law and genocide\u201d, in Bloxham, D. and Moses, D. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 123-214."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b32","unstructured":"Shaw, M. (2003), War and Genocide , Polity Press, London."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b33","unstructured":"Shaw, M. (2007), What is Genocide? Polity Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_b35","unstructured":"Zimbardo, P. (2007), The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil , The Random House, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_frd1","unstructured":"Balakian, G. (2009), Armenian Golgotha , Knopf, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122701104528000_frd2","unstructured":"Staub, E. (1989), The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence , Cambridge University Press, New York, NY."}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/K-02-2014-0034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-02-2014-0034\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-02-2014-0034\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:46:44Z","timestamp":1753393604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/44\/1\/159-170\/272939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-02-2014-0034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-02-2014-0034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0368-492X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]]}}}