{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1785864197578,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, terrorist attacks have gradually become one of the important factors endangering social security. In this context, this research aims to propose methods and principles which can be utilized to make effective evacuation plans to reduce casualties in terrorist attacks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>By analyzing the statistical data of terrorist attack videos, this paper proposes an extended cellular automaton (CA) model and simulates the panic evacuation of the pedestrians in the terrorist attack.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main findings are as follows. (1) The panic movement of pedestrians leads to the dispersal of the crowd and the increase in evacuation time. (2) Most deaths occur in the early stage of crowd evacuation while pedestrians gather without perceiving the risk. (3) There is a trade-off between escaping from the room and avoidance of attackers for pedestrians. Appropriate panic contagion enables pedestrians to respond more quickly to risks. (4) Casualties are mainly concentrated in complex terrains, e.g. walls, corners, obstacles, exits, etc. (5) The initial position of the attackers has a significant effect on the crowd evacuation. The evacuation efficiency should be reduced if the attacker starts the attack from the exit or corners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this research, the concept of \u201cfocus region\u201d is proposed to depict the different reactions of pedestrians to danger and the effects of the attacker\u2019s motion (especially the attack strategies of attackers) are classified. Additionally, the influences on pedestrians by direct and indirect panic sources are studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-02-2022-0260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T22:04:38Z","timestamp":1671746678000},"page":"1229-1249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Modelling and simulation of crowd evacuation in terrorist attacks"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0811-0055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0846-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lejia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031301262120000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.104.3.799-802","article-title":"Effects of september 11th terrorism stress on estimated duration","volume":"104","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"1872","key":"key2024031301262120000_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2008.0019","article-title":"Attacker\u2013defender models and road network vulnerability","volume":"366","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"key2024031301262120000_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105405","article-title":"Terrorist acts and pedestrians\u2019 behaviours: first insights on European contexts for evacuation modelling","volume":"143","year":"2021","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031301262120000_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-014-9277-9","article-title":"Agent-based modeling of emotion contagion in groups","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognitive Computation"},{"key":"key2024031301262120000_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullock, J.A., Haddow, G.D. and Coppola, D.P. 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