{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T16:45:33Z","timestamp":1772297133572,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]],"date-time":"2015-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 One important assumption in the conventional cooperative game theory is that payoffs are assumed to be deterministic. In terms of the players\u2019 cognitive ability of the realistic world, this is a very strict assumption. The classical game theory can find no way out when a particular game circumstance involves uncertainty, such as limited knowledge, small sample, and inadequate information, the payoff values of the game can only be described with interval grey numbers. The paper aims to discuss these issues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 In this study the concept of N-person grey games is proposed in which payoffs are represented with interval grey numbers opposed to the classical game theory. A straight forward solution methodology is submitted compatible to grey numbers. Then, a currency war between anonymous countries is handled and modeled as an N-Person grey game. A generic currency war scenario is developed to follow the proposed solution procedure thoroughly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Based on the outcomes of this work, the authors can say that N-person grey game is an expansion of the classical N-person game under uncertain grey information and can be applied in more complex and uncertain environments, such as those seen in complicated currency warfare.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 This study combines the grey system theory with the classic N-person game theory and sets up the N-person grey game with grey payoff functions. Based on the grey number operating methods, the grey linear programming algorithm is established to calculate and distribute benefits to the players. In this respect this study has the feature of being the pioneer in the N-person grey game area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-04-2014-0073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]],"date-time":"2015-01-30T06:06:52Z","timestamp":1422598012000},"page":"271-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["N-person grey game"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Erkan","family":"Kose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey Yi-Lin","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazara, M.S. , Jarvis, J.J. and Sherali, H.D. (2010), Linear Programming and Network Flows , 4th ed., Wiley & Sons, NJ.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471703778"},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driessen, T. (1988), Cooperative Games, Solutions, and Applications , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7787-8"},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b3","unstructured":"Fang, Z. and Liu, S.F. (2003), \u201cGrey matrix game model based on pure strategy\u201d, Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics , Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 441-445."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z. , Liu, S.F. and Ruan, A. (2006b), \u201cStudy on venture problem of potential optimal pure strategy solution for grey interval number matrix game\u201d, KYBERNETES , Vol. 35 Nos 7\/8, pp. 1273-1283.","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920610675256"},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b6","unstructured":"Fang, Z. , Liu, S.F. and Ruan, A. (2006c), \u201cPure strategy solution and venture problem of grey matrix game based on undeterminable directly interval grey number\u201d, Journal of Jilin University , Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 137-142."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z. , Liu, S.F. , Wu, X. , Zhang, H. and Mi, C. (2006a), \u201cStudy on matrix solution method of grey matrix game based on full rank grey payoff matrix\u201d, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Taipei, October 8-11, pp. 2262-2266.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2006.385198"},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillies, D.B. (1959), \u201cSolutions to general non-zero-sum games\u201d, in Tucker, A.W. and Luce, D.R. (Eds), Contributions to the Theory of Games , Princeton University Press, NJ, pp. 47-85.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400882168-005"},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b8","unstructured":"Jia, Y. , Yu, P. and Fang, P. (2007), \u201cGrey game analysis for solvable mass unexpected incident\u201d, Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services, Nanjing, November 18-20."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b9","unstructured":"Kannai, Y. (1992), \u201cThe core and balancedness\u201d, in Aumann, R.J. and Hart, S. (Eds), Handbook of Game Theory With Economic Applications , Vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 355-395."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y. , Chen, M. and Liu, S.F. (2004), \u201cTheory of grey systems: capturing uncertainties of grey information\u201d, KYBERNETES , Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 196-218.","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920410514139"},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b10","unstructured":"Liu, S.F. and Lin, Y. (2006), Grey Information Theory and Practical Applications , Springer-Verlag, London."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b11","unstructured":"Liu, Y. , Fang, Z. and Liu, S.F. (2011), \u201cGrey sharpley model and its application in cooperative game\u201d, The Journal of Grey System , Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 183-192."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b13","unstructured":"Luce, R. and Raiffa, H. (1967), Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (Seventh Printing, First Publishing in 1957), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b14","unstructured":"Myerson, R.B. (1991), Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict , Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b15","unstructured":"Neumann, J.V. and Morgenstern, J. (1944), Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , Princeton University Press, NJ."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b16","unstructured":"Owen, G. (1995), Game Theory , 3rd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b17","unstructured":"Rapoport, A. (1970), N-Person Game Theory: Concepts and Applications , University Of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b18","unstructured":"Ruan, A. and Fang, Z. (2013), \u201cGrey potential degrees and its application in grey game\u201d, The Journal of Grey System , Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 19-35."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapley, L.S. (1953), \u201cA value for N-person games\u201d, in Kuhn, H. and Tucker, A.W. (Eds), Contributions to the Theory of Games, II , Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400881970-018"},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b20","unstructured":"Thomas, L.C. (1984), Game Theory and Applications , Ellis Horwood Limited, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122604494524700_b21","unstructured":"Wu, H. and Fang, Z. (2007), \u201cThe graphical solution of zero-sum two-person grey games\u201d, Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services, Nanjing, November 18-20."}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/K-04-2014-0073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-04-2014-0073\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-04-2014-0073\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:47:40Z","timestamp":1753393660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/44\/2\/271-282\/269800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-04-2014-0073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-04-2014-0073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0368-492X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]}}}