{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T09:11:25Z","timestamp":1765357885302,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to precisely measure the risk attitudes of Chinese agricultural laborers and then analyze the impact and mechanism of risk attitudes on the entrepreneurial choices of Chinese agricultural laborers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is based on the theory of expected utility function and utilizes the authoritative China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to accurately measure the risk attitudes of 7,639 Chinese agricultural laborers through experimental methods. In the empirical analysis, this paper employed Probit, IV-Probit and mediation effect models to examine the research hypotheses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, agricultural laborers with the lowest risk appetite account for 54.8%, which is 8.69 times the number of agricultural laborers with the highest risk appetite. Second, agricultural laborers preferring risk are more likely to engage in entrepreneurship; this result has been validated through a series of robustness tests. Third, mechanism analysis shows that risk attitude drives the entrepreneurship of Chinese agricultural laborers through improving interpersonal trust, social interaction and formal credit behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Existing research has mainly investigated the impact of risk attitudes on the entrepreneurial choices of the general population, with limited attention paid to agricultural laborers. The potential mechanisms in that process remain unclear, and the measurement results of risk attitude also require further precision. Based on experimental method, this paper not only helps clarify the relationship between risk attitudes and agricultural laborers entrepreneurship in China, but also provides policy recommendations to promote agricultural laborers entrepreneurship and drive rural development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-05-2023-0789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T10:31:14Z","timestamp":1692268274000},"page":"5307-5324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk attitudes impact the entrepreneurial choices of Chinese\u00a0agricultural laborers: a\u00a0deep mechanism analysis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Guanghao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiuyi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0243-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x","article-title":"Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2009.06.005","article-title":"Attitudes toward risk and self-employment of young workers","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2017.08.016","article-title":"Risk attitudes and entrepreneurial motivations: evidence from transition economies","volume":"160","year":"2017","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388308421885","article-title":"Risk aversion and credit constraints in farmers' decision\u2010making: a reinterpretation","volume":"20","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of Development Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2022.102853","article-title":"Land property rights and rural enterprise growth: evidence from land titling reform in China","volume":"157","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2006.01.008","article-title":"Cultural awareness in knowledge transfer to China\u2014the role of guanxi and mianzi","volume":"41","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1086\/508032","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, frictions, and wealth","volume":"114","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-007-9078-6","article-title":"Risk attitudes of nascent entrepreneurs: new evidence from an experimentally validated survey","volume":"32","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1108\/K-08-2021-0775","article-title":"The value of probabilistic forecasting in emergency medical resource planning under uncertainty","volume":"52","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2021.05.040","article-title":"Education and migrant entrepreneurship in urban China","volume":"188","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2681(01)00222-0","article-title":"Low risk aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurship: an empirical test of a truism","volume":"48","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806777212387","article-title":"Who are China's entrepreneurs?","volume":"96","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.58.3.1019-10513R1","article-title":"Risk attitudes and household migration decisions","volume":"58","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"issue":"382","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2307\/2233128","article-title":"Access to capital and agrarian production organisation","volume":"96","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1080\/00220380600884126","article-title":"Development and social capital","volume":"42","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-020-00435-8","article-title":"Women entrepreneurs' progress in the venturing process: the impact of risk aversion and culture","volume":"58","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/agec.12240","article-title":"Farmers' risk preferences and pesticide use decisions: evidence from field experiments in China","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2007.01.006","article-title":"Structural holes in social networks","volume":"137","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-8520.00029","article-title":"Social networks and entrepreneurship","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2016.08.008","article-title":"Migrations, risks, and uncertainty: a field experiment in China","volume":"131","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-124X.2014.12070.x","article-title":"Risk attitudes and self-employment in China","volume":"22","year":"2014","journal-title":"China and World Economy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017008093481","article-title":"Guanxi networks and job searches in China's emerging labour market: a qualitative investigation","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Work, Employment and Society"},{"issue":"30","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2022.2115453","article-title":"Does migration experience reduce villagers' social capital? Evidence from rural China","volume":"55","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2307\/2951620","article-title":"Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects","volume":"62","year":"1994","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070713","article-title":"Farmers' risk preferences in rural China: measurements and determinants","volume":"14","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","article-title":"Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk","volume":"47","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.04.004","article-title":"Psychological predispositions and network structure: the relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure","volume":"28","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1086\/260790","article-title":"A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion","volume":"87","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"S1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050700083479","article-title":"Profit and entrepreneurial functions","volume":"2","year":"1942","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic History"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/00220380903012763","article-title":"The rural\u2013urban divide in China: income but not happiness?","volume":"46","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2021.03.002","article-title":"Does financial literacy alleviate risk attitude and risk behavior inconsistency?","volume":"74","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Review of Economics and Finance"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(98)00033-0","article-title":"Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2022.07.004","article-title":"Digital revolution and rural family income: evidence from China","volume":"94","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Studies"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2014.04.010","article-title":"A theoretical analysis of the role of social networks in entrepreneurship","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-11-2018-1283","article-title":"Entrepreneurial participation and performance: the role of financial literacy","volume":"58","year":"2019","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677X.2022.2094439","article-title":"Why women's entrepreneurial activities are low in China? The psychological perspective of self-esteem","volume":"36","year":"2023","journal-title":"Economic Research-Ekonomska Istra\u017eivanja"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-11-2017-1153","article-title":"The relation between entrepreneurship and rural poverty alleviation in China","volume":"57","year":"2019","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"volume-title":"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior","year":"1944","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref038"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2015.0355","article-title":"Risk aversion and Guanxi activities: a behavioral analysis of CEOs in China","volume":"60","year":"2017","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12289","article-title":"Informal institutions and their comparative influences on social and commercial entrepreneurship: the role of in-group collectivism and interpersonal trust","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/soru.12058","article-title":"Twenty years of rural entrepreneurship: a bibliometric survey: twenty years of rural entrepreneurship","volume":"56","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociologia Ruralis"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/1539-6924.00373","article-title":"Exploring the dimensionality of trust in risk regulation","volume":"23","year":"2003","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00158","article-title":"Risk aversion and expected-utility theory: a calibration theorem","volume":"68","year":"2000","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-006-7046-7","article-title":"Trust, trustworthiness, and risk in rural Paraguay","volume":"9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental Economics"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-25009-x","article-title":"Evaluating China\u2019s pilot carbon Emission Trading Scheme: collaborative reduction of carbon and air pollutants","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217590816500144","article-title":"Does trust promote entrepreneurship in a developing country?","volume":"63","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Singapore Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.38.2.332","article-title":"Developments in Non-Expected Utility Theory: the hunt for a descriptive theory of choice under risk","volume":"38","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1112344","article-title":"How do contract performance rates affect entrepreneurs' risk-averse attitudes? Evidence from China","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.106.7.1577","article-title":"Behavioral economics: past, present, and future","volume":"106","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1682","article-title":"Firms with benefits: a systematic review of responsible entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility literature","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888497024001005","article-title":"Where Guanxi matters: relational demography and Guanxi in the Chinese context","volume":"24","year":"1997","journal-title":"Work and Occupations"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00160","article-title":"Credit constraints, job mobility, and entrepreneurship: evidence from a property reform in China","volume":"94","year":"2012","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2021.05.017","article-title":"Role of social networks in building household livelihood resilience under payments for ecosystem services programs in a poor rural community in China","volume":"86","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242612439588","article-title":"All you need is trust? A critical review of the trust and entrepreneurship literature","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/08985626.2019.1640479","article-title":"Untangling the effects of entrepreneurial opportunity on the performance of agricultural labor entrepreneurship: the moderating roles of entrepreneurial effort and regional poverty level","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship and Regional Development"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.922690","article-title":"Risk attitudes and household consumption behavior: evidence from China","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22539-2","article-title":"Spatial-temporal differentiation and dynamic spatial convergence of inclusive low-carbon development: evidence from China","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2021.1988529","article-title":"The impact of the new energy demonstration city policy on the green total factor productivity of resource-based cities: empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China","volume":"66","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Planning and Management"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2023.03.026","article-title":"What determines the survival of farmer entrepreneurship: micro-evidence from China","volume":"86","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Review of Economics and Finance"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2019.09.026","article-title":"What drives entrepreneurship in digital economy? Evidence from China","volume":"82","year":"2019","journal-title":"Economic Modelling"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024120604510836700_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2008.07.010","article-title":"China's entrepreneurs","volume":"37","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2019.12.009","article-title":"Can entrepreneurship bring happiness? Evidence from China","volume":"91","year":"2020","journal-title":"Economic Modelling"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154090","article-title":"How do heterogeneous R&D investments affect China's green productivity: revisiting the Porter hypothesis","volume":"825","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"key2024120604510836700_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2021.102421","article-title":"Risk preferences significantly affect household investment in timber forestry: empirical evidence from Fujian, China","volume":"125","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forest Policy and Economics"}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-05-2023-0789\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-05-2023-0789\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:48:34Z","timestamp":1753393714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/53\/12\/5307-5324\/1220325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-05-2023-0789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-05-2023-0789","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0368-492X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]}}}