{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:34:15Z","timestamp":1763037255571,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Under the carbon regulation mechanism, managing operational strategies is a challenging task. Green innovation is introduced into a hybrid system of manufacturing and remanufacturing to handle the carbon emission constraints in a dynamic market environment. This paper aims to investigate the joint dynamic green innovation policy and pricing strategies in a hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper first considers a monopolistic manufacturer who offers brand-new products and remanufactured items at the same price to consumers. Subsequently, the authors extend their analyses to distinct pricing strategies for both newly manufactured products and refurnished ones in such a hybrid system. Two different cases are considered: a loose carbon emission constraint and a binding carbon emission constraint. By solving the dynamic optimization problem, the differential game and Pontryagin\u2019s maximum principle are used to obtain the joint green innovation and pricing strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The retail price first increases then declines over a single period. The green innovation diminishes in the same pricing decision model, while it first increases then declines in a distinct pricing decision model over a single planning horizon. The green innovation investment as well as the retail price are discouraged by an emission cap and recycling fraction. The distinct retail price fluctuates violently, and they are, in descending order of the highest peak price as follows: the newly manufactured product, the same pricing product and the repaired product. Carbon emission caps that are either too high or too low decrease the revenue of the manufacturer. A small emission constraint margin benefits the manufacturer. The recycling policy, as well as other parameters, affects whether the hybrid system attains the carbon emission constraint or not, which suggests that the recycling policy is complementary to the carbon emission constraint mechanism in the hybrid system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results offer managerial implications to the hybrid system in terms of green innovation, pricing strategies and recycling policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is among the first papers to research the joint dynamic green innovation policy and pricing strategies with\/without a carbon emission constraint in a hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing system with a differential game. Moreover, this paper presents a potential way of investigating other common resource constraints by a differential game in a manufacturing\/remanufacturing system or closed loop supply chain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-06-2018-0339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T06:17:35Z","timestamp":1541485055000},"page":"1699-1730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The joint dynamic green innovation and pricing strategies for a hybrid system of manufacturing and remanufacturing with carbon emission constraints"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bengang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2009.01.017","article-title":"A production\/remanufacturing inventory model with price and quality dependant return rate","volume":"58","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2011.01290.x","article-title":"How does product recovery affect quality choice?","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.150","article-title":"Developing the WH2 framework for environmental sustainability in logistics service providers: a taxonomy of green initiatives","volume":"165","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3390\/en11020275","article-title":"Environmental sustainability and energy-efficient supply chain management: a review of research trends and proposed guidelines","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref003","first-page":"173","article-title":"In search of the green consumers: a perceptual study","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2008.07.011","article-title":"Multi-period effects of corporate social responsibility on supply chain networks, transaction costs, emissions, and risk","volume":"116","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"volume-title":"Dynamic versus Static Pricing in the Presence of Strategic Consumers","year":"2011","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref005"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2011.05.016","article-title":"The influence of greening the suppliers and green innovation on environmental performance and competitive advantage in Taiwan","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2013.08.002","article-title":"Channel leadership, performance and coordination in closed loop supply chains","volume":"146","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orl.2012.12.003","article-title":"The carbon-constrained EOQ","volume":"41","year":"2013","journal-title":"Operations Research Letters"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2015.01.020","article-title":"Production decisions in a hybrid manufacturing\u2013remanufacturing system with carbon cap and trade mechanism","volume":"162","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.06.032","article-title":"A two-period game of a closed-loop supply chain","volume":"232","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.12.009","article-title":"Green process innovation and differentiated pricing strategies with environmental concerns of South-North markets","volume":"98","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref012","first-page":"11755","article-title":"Collaborative mechanism on profit allotment and public health for a sustainable supply chain","volume":"2017","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academy of Management Proceedings"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12523","article-title":"Technology choice and capacity portfolios under emissions regulation","volume":"25","year":"2016","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12673","article-title":"Impact of take-back regulation on the remanufacturing industry","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"issue":"18","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref014","first-page":"210","article-title":"The impact of carbon pricing on a closed-loop supply chain: an australian case study","volume":"59","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-006-0049-0","article-title":"Dynamic vs static pricing in a make-to-stock queue with partially controlled production","volume":"29","year":"2007","journal-title":"Or Spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13676-014-0043-7","article-title":"Robust design of a closed-loop supply chain network for uncertain carbon regulations and random product flows","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Journal on Transportation and Logistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref017","first-page":"3423","article-title":"The relationships between regulatory and customer pressure, green organizational responses, and green innovation performance","volume":"112","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2008.07.016","article-title":"The production, remanufacture and waste disposal model with lost sales","volume":"120","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2010.11.013","article-title":"Dynamic ordering and pricing for a perishable goods supply chain","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref020","first-page":"75","article-title":"A carbon footprint based reverse logistics network design model","volume":"67","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resources Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2014.07.009","article-title":"Cooperative promotions in the distribution channel","volume":"51","year":"2015","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.11.002","article-title":"Do fair trade and eco-labels in coffee wake up the consumer conscience?","volume":"53","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2007.10.006","article-title":"Drivers and barriers to environmentally sound technology adoption by manufacturing plants in nine developing countries","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.11.027","article-title":"Consumer environmental awareness and competition in two-stage supply chains","volume":"218","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref025","first-page":"101","article-title":"Market demand, green product innovation, and firm performance: evidence from vietnam motorcycle industry","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2014.957875","article-title":"Effects of carbon emission regulations on remanufacturing decisions with limited information of demand distribution","volume":"53","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"20","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref027","first-page":"2029","article-title":"Pricing policies of a competitive dual-channel green supply chain","volume":"112","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.137","article-title":"Trade-off between remanufacturing and recycling of WEEE and the environmental implication under the chinese fund policy","volume":"167","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"22","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6710","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2017.1346324","article-title":"Pricing decisions in closed-loop supply chains with marketing effort and fairness concerns","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2006.10.002","article-title":"Analysis of a two-echelon inventory system with returns","volume":"37","year":"2009","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2011.12.008","article-title":"Inventory management in a two-echelon closed-loop supply chain with correlated demands and returns","volume":"62","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref032","first-page":"76","article-title":"Success factors for environmentally sustainable product innovation: a systematic literature review","volume":"65","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2014.09.009","article-title":"A closed loop supply chain under retail price and product quality dependent demand","volume":"37","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing Systems"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref034","first-page":"259","article-title":"Two-way product recovery in a closed-loop supply chain with variable markup under price and quality dependent demand","volume":"183","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref035","first-page":"37","article-title":"Remanufacturing with trade-ins under carbon regulations","volume":"89","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers and Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.07.035","article-title":"Recovery decisions of a producer in a legislative disposal fee environment","volume":"216","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1070.0393","article-title":"Dynamic pricing strategies with reference effects","volume":"55","year":"2007","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1080.0461","article-title":"Understanding the role of trade-ins in durable goods markets: theory and evidence","volume":"28","year":"2009","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"volume-title":"Optimal Control Theory: Applications to Management Science and Economics","year":"2000","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref038"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2011.00672.x","article-title":"Green innovation in technology and innovation management \u2013 an exploratory literature review","volume":"42","year":"2012","journal-title":"R and D Management"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.184","article-title":"Economic lot scheduling problem in a remanufacturing system with returns at different quality grades","volume":"170","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2012.44","article-title":"Channel coordination in green supply chain management","volume":"64","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"issue":"10\/11","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref041","first-page":"953","article-title":"Shadows and lights of GSCM (green supply chain management): determinants and effects of these practices based on a multi-national study","volume":"18","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"15","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref042","first-page":"pp. 315","article-title":"A strategic decision-making model considering the social costs of carbon dioxide emissions for sustainable supply chain management","volume":"133","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.058","article-title":"Manufacturing\/remanufacturing decisions for a Capital-constrained manufacturer considering carbon emission cap and trade","volume":"140","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref444","first-page":"200","article-title":"Eco-efficient based logistics network design in hybrid manufacturing\/remanufacturing system in low-carbon economy","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Industrial Engineering and Management"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.10.053","article-title":"Production decisions of new and remanufactured products: implications for low carbon emission economy","volume":"171","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"04","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4236\/ica.2011.24048","article-title":"Dynamic pricing model for the operation of closed-loop supply chain system","volume":"02","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intelligent Control and Automation"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.06.047","article-title":"A two-echelon sustainable supply chain coordination under cap-and-trade regulation","volume":"135","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2013.11.020","article-title":"Modeling decision processes of a green supply chain with regulation on energy saving level","volume":"54","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers and Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-014-0961-0","article-title":"Research on closed loop supply chain with reference price effect","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1051\/ro\/2018005","article-title":"Impacts of heterogeneous environment awareness and power structure on green supply chain","volume":"52","year":"2018","journal-title":"RAIRO \u2013 Operations Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12724","article-title":"Optimal policies for selling new and remanufactured products","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.394","article-title":"Sustainable consumption: green consumer behavior when purchasing products","volume":"18","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sustainable Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2006.09.003","article-title":"Initiatives and outcomes of green supply chain management implementation by chinese manufacturers","volume":"85","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.04.027","article-title":"Analysis of potential energy saving and CO2 emission reduction of home appliances and commercial equipment in China","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref552","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.07.043","article-title":"Consumer environmental awareness and channel coordination with two substitutable products","volume":"241","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2012.08.006","article-title":"Research on coordination mechanism in three-level green supply chain under non-cooperative game","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Modeling"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref053","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Green innovation adoption in automotive supply chain: the malaysian case","volume":"108","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref054","first-page":"133","article-title":"Coordinating a supply chain with green innovation in a dynamic setting","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"4OR"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019092314100636800_ref055","first-page":"1","article-title":"Static and dynamic pricing strategies in a closed-loop supply chain with reference quality effects","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2017.05.006","article-title":"Dynamic vs static pricing in a supply chain with advertising","volume":"109","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"key2019092314100636800_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.02.014","article-title":"Pricing, service and preservation technology investments policy for deteriorating items under common resource constraints","volume":"95","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-06-2018-0339\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-06-2018-0339\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:48:46Z","timestamp":1753393726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/48\/8\/1699-1730\/259551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-06-2018-0339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-06-2018-0339","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0368-492X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]}}}