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The transition to greener economies led to the emergence of aggregators that aggregate bits of flexibility and handle the interest of their providers, e.g. small entities such as consumers, prosumers and other small service providers. On one hand, the research method consists of formulating six BM and implementing a BM that includes several consumers and an aggregator, namely, scheduling the household electricity consumption (downstream) and using flexibility to obtain revenue or avoid the cost. This is usually performed by reducing or shifting the consumption from peak to off-peak hours when the energy is cheaper. Thus, the role of aggregators in EC is significant as they intermediate small-scale energy threads and large entities' requirements, such as grid operators or retailers. On the other hand, in the proposed BM, the aggregators' strategy (upstream) will be to minimize the cost of electricity procurement using consumers\u2019 flexibility. They set up markets to buy flexibility that is valued as long as their costs are reduced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interesting insights are revealed, such as when the flexibility price doubles, the deficit coverage increases from 62% to 91% and both parties, consumers and retailers obtain financial benefits from the local market.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the limitations of using the potential of flexibility is related to the high costs that are necessary to implement direct load control. Another issue is related to the data privacy aspects related to the breakdown of electricity consumption. Furthermore, data availability for scientific research is limited. However, this study expects that new BM for various EC members will emerge in the future largely depending on Information Communications and Technology developments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>An implementation of a local flexibility market (LFM) using 114 apartments with flexible loads is proposed, demonstrating the gains obtained from trading flexibility. For LFM simulation, this study considers exemplifying a BM using 114 apartments located in a multi-apartment building representing a small urban EC situated in the New England region in North America. Open data recorded in 2016 is provided by UMassTraceRepository.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a novelty, six BM are proposed considering a bottom-up approach and including various EC members.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-07-2023-1235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T22:59:00Z","timestamp":1698965940000},"page":"871-894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A holistic view on business model-oriented energy communities"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Adela","family":"B\u00e2ra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona Vasilica","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2025010612195721100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.02.050","article-title":"Network flexibility regulation by renewable energy hubs using flexibility pricing-based energy management","volume":"206","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"key2025010612195721100_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.04.043","article-title":"Gamification-based framework for engagement of residential customers in energy applications","volume":"44","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Research and Social Science"},{"key":"key2025010612195721100_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"A review of agent-based modelling of electricity markets in future energy eco-systems","year":"2016","DOI":"10.1109\/SpliTech.2016.7555922"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010612195721100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3846\/jbem.2023.19050","article-title":"Understanding electricity price evolution--day-ahead market competitiveness in Romania","volume":"24","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Business Economics and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010612195721100_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2867511","article-title":"A distributed IoT infrastructure to test and deploy real-time demand response in smart grids","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"key2025010612195721100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91135-1.00015-8","article-title":"Energy communities in Europe: a review of the Danish and German experiences","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Communities: Customer-Centered, Market-Driven, Welfare-Enhancing?"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010612195721100_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0546-4","article-title":"Business models and financial characteristics of community energy in the UK","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Energy"},{"issue":"110984","key":"key2025010612195721100_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.110984","article-title":"Prosumers in the post subsidy era: an exploration of new prosumer business models in the UK","volume":"135","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"101475","key":"key2025010612195721100_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101475","article-title":"What is prosumerism for? 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