{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:29:45Z","timestamp":1780406985867,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"Purpose<\/jats:title>The promotion of new energy vehicles (EVs) is an effective way to achieve low carbon emission reduction. This paper aims to investigate the optimal pricing of automotive supply chain members in the context of dual policy implementation while considering consumers' low-carbon preferences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>This article takes manufacturers, retailers and consumers in a main three-level supply chain as the research object. Stackelberg game theory is used as the theoretical guidance. A game model in which the manufacturer is the leader and the retailer is the follower is established. The author also considered the impact of carbon tax policies, subsidy policies and consumer preferences on the results. Furthermore, the author investigates the optimal decision-making problem under the profit maximization model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>Through model solving, it is found that the pricing of EVs is positively correlated with the unit price of carbon and the amount of subsidies. The following conclusions can be obtained by numerical analysis of each parameter. Changes in carbon prices have a greater impact on conventional gasoline vehicles. Based on the numerical analysis of parameter \u03b2<\/jats:italic>, it is also found that when the government subsidizes consumers, supply chain members will increase their prices to obtain partial subsidies. Compared with retailers, low-carbon preferences have a greater impact on manufacturers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>The new energy automobile industry involves many policies, including tax cuts, tax exemptions and subsidies. The policy environment faced by the members of a supply chain is complex and diverse. Therefore, the analysis in this article is based only on partial policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>The authors innovatively combine the three factors of subsidy policy, carbon tax policy and consumer low-carbon preference, with research on the pricing of EVs. The influence of policy factors and consumer preferences on the pricing of EVs is studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-08-2021-0697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T02:08:06Z","timestamp":1643940486000},"page":"1976-1998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pricing research for automotive supply chains considering low-carbon consumer preferences under a dual policy"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6687-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3906-5963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7360-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengxian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9631-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2010.10.042","article-title":"What determines urban households' willingness to pay for CO2 emission reductions in Turkey: a contingent valuation survey","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.07.022","article-title":"Synergic effect of reworking for imperfect quality items with the integration of multi-period delay-in-payment and partial backordering in global supply chains","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.01.060","article-title":"A mathematical model for green supply chain coordination with substitutable products","volume":"145","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2021.03.039","article-title":"Sarkar B. A supply chain model with service level constraints and strategies under uncertainty","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alexandria Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/01605682.2019.1605471","article-title":"Production and pricing decisions in a dual-channel supply chain under remanufacturing subsidy policy and carbon tax policy","volume":"71","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"issue":"16","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6389","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166389","article-title":"A fuzzy demand-profit model for the sustainable development of electric vehicles in China from the perspective of three-Level service chain","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10614-018-9856-z","article-title":"Game-theoretic analysis of price and quantity decisions for electric vehicle supply chain under subsidy reduction","volume":"55","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computational Economics"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref058","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Global carbon budget 2019","volume-title":"Earth System Science Data","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041306","article-title":"Supply-chain pricing and coordination for new energy vehicles considering heterogeneity in consumers' low carbon preference","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.01.021","article-title":"Subsidising an electric vehicle supply chain with imperfect information","volume":"211","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.3390\/su8121290","article-title":"Analysis of supply chain under different subsidy policies of the government","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2013.07.002","article-title":"Consumer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles: a discrete choice analysis","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref013","article-title":"Persistent fossil fuel growth threatens the Paris Agreement and planetary health","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.135","article-title":"Carbon emission reduction decisions in the retail-\/dual-channel supply chain with consumers' preference","volume":"141","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"29","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18262","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01891","article-title":"Factors influencing the development ability of intelligent manufacturing of new energy vehicles based on a structural equation model","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref016","article-title":"A hybrid modeling approach for green and sustainable closed-loop supply chain considering price, advertisement and uncertain demands","volume":"157","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref017","article-title":"Revenue management in a multi-level multi-channel supply chain considering pricing, greening, and advertising decisions","volume":"59","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref018","first-page":"30","article-title":"The selling of green","volume":"38","year":"1990","journal-title":"D&B Reports"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.09.050","article-title":"Consumers' evaluation of national new energy vehicle policy in China: an analysis based on a four paradigm model","volume":"99","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref020","article-title":"Dual credit policy: promoting new energy vehicles with battery recycling in a competitive environment?","volume":"243","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref021","article-title":"Managing a closed-loop supply chain with take-back legislation and consumer preference for green design","volume":"282","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084293","article-title":"Sensitivity of the nonsubsidized consumption promotion mechanisms of EVs to potential consumers' purchase intention","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030726","article-title":"What affects the diffusion of new energy vehicles financial subsidy policy? Evidence from Chinese cities","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"09","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref024","first-page":"75","article-title":"Research on the pricing strategy of closed-loop supply chain under the carbon tax policy","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecological Economy"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref025","article-title":"Pricing strategy and coordination of automobile manufacturers based on government intervention and carbon emission reduction","volume":"148","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"6512","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1126\/science.370.6512.17","article-title":"China's bold climate pledge earns praise\u2014but is it feasible?","volume":"370","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2019.06.002","article-title":"Diffusion of alternative fuel vehicles considering dynamic preferences","volume":"147","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.584","article-title":"Price-dependent decision of new energy vehicles considering subsidies and backorders","volume":"105","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.09.038","article-title":"Coordination contracts for a supply chain with yield uncertainty and low-carbon preference","volume":"205","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1108\/09566169710166548","article-title":"Environment and human health: a threat to all","volume":"8","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environmental Management and Health"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.04.039","article-title":"Fuel cycle emissions and life cycle costs of alternative fuel vehicle policy options for the City of Houston municipal fleet","volume":"54","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.04.030","article-title":"Subsidy scheme or price discount scheme? Mass adoption of electric vehicles under different market structures","volume":"262","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041578","article-title":"System dynamics model for the evolutionary behaviour of government enterprises and consumers in China's new energy vehicle market","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.11.049","article-title":"Contracting emission reduction for supply chains considering market low-carbon preference","volume":"120","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2021.03.038","article-title":"Do government subsidies promote financial performance? Fresh evidence from China's new energy vehicle industry","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Production and Consumption"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref036","article-title":"Pricing and collection rate decisions in a closed-loop supply chain considering consumers' environmental responsibility","volume":"262","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.01.029","article-title":"Exxon is right: let us re-examine our choice for a cap-and-trade system over a carbon tax","volume":"37","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref038","article-title":"Can new energy vehicle subsidy curb the urban air pollution? Empirical evidence from pilot cities in China","volume":"754","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref039","article-title":"Policy cognition of potential consumers of new energy vehicles and its sensitivity to purchase willingness","volume":"261","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref040","article-title":"Reduction of waste and carbon emission through the selection of items with cross-price elasticity of demand to form a sustainable supply chain with preservation technology","volume":"297","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-019-00353-8","article-title":"Welfare analysis of government subsidy programs for fuel-efficient vehicles and new energy vehicles in China","volume":"74","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental and Resource Economics"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.08.037","article-title":"Predicting market potential and environmental benefits of deploying electric taxis in Nanjing, China","volume":"49","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref043","article-title":"Evaluation and analysis of new-energy vehicle industry policies in the context of technical innovation in China","volume":"281","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref044","article-title":"Carbon emission reduction and coordination strategies for new energy vehicle closed-loop supply chain under the carbon trading policy","volume":"2020","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041548","article-title":"Tax or subsidy? Optimal carbon emission policy: a supply chain perspective","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.05.015","article-title":"Construction of low carbon supply chain profit model considering consumer preference","volume":"83","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref059","first-page":"134","article-title":"Study on performance evaluation and influencing factors of China\u2019s new energy vehicle policy","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Scientific Research Journal"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref047","article-title":"Deployment of electric vehicles in China to meet the carbon neutral target by 2060: provincial disparities in energy systems, CO2 emissions, and cost effectiveness","volume":"170","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref048","article-title":"Influence of new energy vehicle subsidy policy on emission reduction of atmospheric pollutants: a case study of Beijing, China","volume":"275","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73083","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3079251","article-title":"Pricing and investment decision issues of an automobile manufacturer for different types of vehicles","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023051813352199600_ref050","first-page":"250","article-title":"Research on new energy vehicle supply chain strategy under government subsidies","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Economics and Management"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref051","article-title":"Research on the profit change of new energy vehicle closed-loop supply chain members based on government subsidies","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Technology and Innovation"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref052","article-title":"W. How do government subsidies promote new energy vehicle diffusion in the complex network context? A three-stage evolutionary game model","volume":"230","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.162","article-title":"Pricing decisions and social welfare in a supply chain with multiple competing retailers and carbon tax policy","volume":"190","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref060","article-title":"The pricing strategy of dual recycling channels for power batteries of new energy vehicles under government subsidies","volume-title":"Complexity","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.06.004","article-title":"Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: the effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China","volume":"135","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"key2023051813352199600_ref055","first-page":"170","article-title":"Is carbon regulation better than cash subsidy? The case of new energy vehicles","volume":"146","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-08-2021-0697\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-08-2021-0697\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:49:47Z","timestamp":1753393787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/52\/6\/1976-1998\/267121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-08-2021-0697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-08-2021-0697","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0368-492X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]}}}