{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:26:06Z","timestamp":1754155566476,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three problematic issues followed by paradigm changes over the recent history of human intellectual endeavour are identified as 1. mysticism\/superstition to \u2013 conventional science (of physics), 2. predominant use of qualitative\/quantitative properties for analysis and design to \u2013 structural or systemic properties, and 3. current speculative\/fragmented, multiple approaches to the \u201csystemic view\u201d to \u2013 a firmer knowledge-based approach reflecting the empirical and universal nature of this view. This paper aims to consider the problematic issues, to conclude that conventional science is inadequate to cope with the 2nd paradigm change and to introduce a \u201cnew science of systems\u201d which can integrate conventional science and alleviate the 3rd problematic issue by suggesting three principles implemented by linguistic modelling as operational model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The highly successful methodology of conventional science is followed with systemic content by suggesting three general principles of systems, namely, principle of existence (pervasiveness of structural description), principle of complexity (aggregates for emergence of outcomes) and principle of change (change by purpose or chance), and linguistic modelling of static and dynamic scenarios based on natural language as operational model. This language is processed to \u201celementary constituents\u201d, of which complex structures can be constructed. These constituents are converted into reasoning schemes consisting of \u201cordered pairs\u201d and \u201cpredicate logic statements\u201d in static and dynamic states.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Stories of problematic scenarios are converted into the universal scheme of \u201cmanagement\/producers\u201d \u2013 \u201cproducts\u201d \u2013 \u201cusers\/consumers\u201d by constructing linguistic networks of products and semantic diagrams of organizations\/user\/consumers for investigating the emergence of outcomes in analysis and for designing prototypes. Problematic issues of individual objects in a scenario are resolved by methods of conventional science, which is thus integrated with systems science to form the \u201cscientific enterprise\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Once the new approach is debated, further developments in the mathematics of ordered pairs, predicate logic and uncertainties are needed. The linguistic basis is to be further investigated. Connection with AI and \u201clogical atomism of Bertrand Russell\u201d is to be explored.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Further applications to large-scale scenarios by practitioners using the \u201cuniversal scheme\u201d and development of software are needed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Social implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The approach is rooted in accepted branches of knowledge, is highly teachable and should lead to be used by professionals and others once debated and accepted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-09-2017-0348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T10:03:57Z","timestamp":1520589837000},"page":"1524-1548","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["General principles of 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