{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T17:39:15Z","timestamp":1768153155486,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many people have been dying as a result of medical errors. Offering clinical learning can lead to better medical care. Clinics have conventionally incorporated direct modality to teach personnel. However, they are now starting to take electronic learning (e-learning) mechanisms to facilitate training at work or other suitable places. The objective of this study is to identify and prioritize the medical learning system in developing countries. Therefore, this paper aims at describing a line of research for developing medical learning systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nowadays, organizations face fast markets' changing, competition strategies, technological innovations and accessibility of medical information. However, the developing world faces a series of health crises that threaten millions of people's lives. Lack of infrastructure and trained, experienced staff are considered essential barriers to scaling up treatment for these diseases. Promoting medical learning systems in developing countries can meet these challenges. This study identifies multiple factors that influence the success of e-learning systems from the literature. The authors have presented a systematic literature review (SLR) up to 2019 on medical learning systems in developing countries. The authors have identified 109 articles and finally selected 17 of them via article choosing procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper has shown that e-learning systems offer significant advantages for the medical sector of developing countries. The authors have found that executive, administrative and technological parameters have substantial effects on implementing e-learning in the medical field. Learning management systems offer a virtual method of augmented and quicker interactions between the learners and teachers and fast efficient instructive procedures, using computer and Internet technologies in learning procedures and presenting several teaching-learning devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors have limited the search to Scopus, Google Scholar, Emerald, Science Direct, IEEE, PLoS, BMC and ABI\/Inform. Many academic journals probably provide a good picture of the related articles, too. This study has only reviewed the articles extracted based on some keywords such as \u201cmedical learning systems,\u201d \u201cmedical learning environment\u201d and \u201cdeveloping countries.\u201d Medical learning systems might not have been published with those specific keywords. Also, there is a requirement for more research with the use of other methodologies. Lastly, non-English publications have been removed. There could be more potential related papers published in languages other than English.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper helps physicians and scholars better understand the clinical learning systems in developing countries. Also, the outcomes can aid hospital managers to speed up the implementation of e-learning mechanisms. This research might also enable the authors to have a role in the body of knowledge and experience, so weakening the picture of the developing country's begging bowl is constantly requesting help. The authors hoped that their recommendations aid clinical educators, particularly in developing countries, adopt the trends in clinical education in a changing world.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is of the pioneers systematically reviewing the adoption of medical learning, specifically in developing countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-09-2020-0604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T23:03:15Z","timestamp":1627858995000},"page":"3153-3171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A comprehensive literature review on the medical learning systems in the developing countries"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Bohlouli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3804-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omed Hassan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7873-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Ehsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7333-1391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan Yassin","family":"Ghafour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hawkar Kamaran","family":"Hama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aram Mahmood","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref001","article-title":"Evaluation of e-learning for medical education in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"145","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.010","article-title":"Critical success factors for e-learning in developing countries: a comparative analysis between ICT experts and faculty","volume":"58","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v14i03.9732","article-title":"Extending the technology acceptance model to understand students' use of learning management systems in Saudi higher education","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET)"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-02-2016-0008","article-title":"Determinants of e-learning adoption among students of developing countries","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/1357-6283.101606","article-title":"Capacity building in medical education and health outcomes in developing countries: the missing link","volume":"20","year":"2007","journal-title":"Education for Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-019-0435-8","article-title":"Critical success factors for the implementation and adoption of e-learning for junior health care workers in Dadaab Refugee Camp Kenya","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-014-0064-x","article-title":"Learning from developing countries in strengthening health systems: an evaluation of personal and professional impact among global health volunteers at Addis Ababa University's Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (Ethiopia)","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1108\/K-06-2017-0227","article-title":"Knowledge sharing mechanisms in the education: a systematic review of the state of the art literature and recommendations for future research","volume":"47","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Twelve tips for conducting educational design research in medical education","volume":"42","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjep.2017.08.006","article-title":"Service learning in developing countries: student outcomes including personal successes, seeing the world in new ways, and developing as health professionals","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Interprofessional Education and Practice"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590903124732","article-title":"Online virtual patients \u2013 a driver for change in medical and healthcare professional education in developing countries?","volume":"31","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3180305cf9","article-title":"Global health in medical education: a call for more training and opportunities","volume":"82","year":"2007","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-11-4","article-title":"E-learning in medical education in resource constrained low-and middle-income countries","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1108\/K-07-2018-0360","article-title":"Learning the \u2018systems language\u2019: the current challenge for engineering education","volume":"48","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0037","article-title":"The application of medical artificial intelligence technology in rural areas of developing countries","volume":"2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"21","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(03)02177-3","article-title":"Incorporating sexual and reproductive health care in the medical curriculum in developing countries","volume":"11","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref017","article-title":"Causability and explainability of artificial intelligence in medicine","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.090517","article-title":"Medical QoS provision based on reinforcement learning in ultrasound streaming over 3.5 G wireless systems","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.09.056","article-title":"Specifics of medical data mining for diagnosis aid: a survey","volume":"118","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref020","article-title":"Healthcare 4.0: a review of frontiers in digital health","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref021","article-title":"E-learning globalization: the impact of e-learning\u2013what difference has it made?","volume":"56","year":"2014","journal-title":"Education + Training"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref022","article-title":"An empirical investigation of health information system failure in regional Sri Lanka","volume-title":"QUT ePrints, Health Information Management Journal","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2014.01.002","article-title":"Prevention of unhealthy weight in children by promoting physical activity using a socio-ecological approach: what can we learn from intervention studies?","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes and Metabolism"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref024","article-title":"E-health challenges, opportunities and experiences of developing countries","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref025","first-page":"187","article-title":"An efficient technique for Apriori algorithm in medical data mining","volume-title":"Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2004.842411","article-title":"Analysis of information and communication needs in rural primary health care in developing countries","volume":"9","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-22","article-title":"A socio-ecological approach to physical activity interventions in childcare: a systematic review","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref028","first-page":"233","article-title":"Evolution of e-learning in Irans medical sciences universities","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"Formation of Virtual University of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref029","first-page":"1170","article-title":"The use of a virtual learning environment in promoting virtual journal clubs and case-based discussions in trauma and orthopaedic postgraduate medical education: the Leicester experience","volume":"94","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2018.03.014","article-title":"Big data handling mechanisms in the healthcare applications: a comprehensive and systematic literature review","volume":"82","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref031","first-page":"e1243","article-title":"Learning analytics: a glance of evolution, status, and trends according to a proposed taxonomy","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref032","article-title":"Students as active citizens: a systems perspective on a Jean Monnet module, experiential learning and participative approaches","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref033","article-title":"A pattern for arguing the assurance of machine learning in medical diagnosis systems","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2012.01351.x","article-title":"Facebook as a learning tool? A case study on the appropriation of social network sites from mobile phones in developing countries","volume":"43","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12843","article-title":"Pedagogical moves and student thinking in technology\u2010mediated medical problem\u2010based learning: supporting novice\u2010expert shift","volume":"50","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref036","first-page":"71","article-title":"Medical data mining for heart diseases and the future of sequential mining in medical field","volume-title":"Machine Learning Paradigms","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref037","article-title":"Machine learning from crowds: a systematic review of its applications","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2013.583.591","article-title":"E-learning initiative capacity building for healthcare workforce of developing countries","volume":"9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Science"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref039","volume-title":"Integrating Blended-Learning for Health Information Systems Training in Developing Countries: Towards a Conceptual Framework","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2017.11.007","article-title":"Formal verification approaches and standards in the cloud computing: a comprehensive and systematic review","volume":"58","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computer Standards and Interfaces"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18734","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18734","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIV\u2010related stigma and discrimination from 2002 to 2013: how far have we come?","volume":"16","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref042","volume-title":"Health","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2019.1665161","article-title":"An exploration of gender-based violence in eastern Myanmar in the context of political transition: findings from a qualitative sexual and reproductive health assessment","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-12-98","article-title":"Teacher-made models: the answer for medical skills training in developing countries?","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref045","first-page":"1885","article-title":"Virtual microscopy as a learning method in part time medical education","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"EDUvision 2018\u00bb Modern Approaches to Teaching the Coming Generations \u00ab"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-019-0526-2","article-title":"Structured medical electives: a concept whose time has come?","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref047","first-page":"321","article-title":"The critical success factors of e-learning in developing countries","volume":"305","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korea"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref048","first-page":"18","article-title":"Learning management systems in universities of medical sciences of Iran and several developed countries","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strides in Development of Medical Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022112603081146100_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2016.04.003","article-title":"The effect of electronic learning systems on the employee's commitment","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"The International Journal of Management Education"},{"key":"key2022112603081146100_ref050","article-title":"A new model for assessing the impact of environmental psychology, e-learning, learning style and school design on the behavior of elementary students","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kybernetes"}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-09-2020-0604\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-09-2020-0604\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:50:11Z","timestamp":1753393811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/51\/11\/3153-3171\/451788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-09-2020-0604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-09-2020-0604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0368-492X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]}}}