{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:08:45Z","timestamp":1776182925027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"Purpose<\/jats:title>In order to encourage the high-water-consumption (HWC) manufacturers to carry out water-saving transformation relying on self-strength or outsourcing to a water-saving service company (WSSC) during production processes, government subsidies are provided according to water-saving efforts (WSE) or investment cost. In this context, the authors derive the participant's equilibrium decisions and the manufacturer's water-saving strategy. Additionally, the effects of subsidies on WSE and stakeholders' profits are discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>Mathematical models including optimization model and Stackelberg game model are constructed under different subsidy schemes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>The study finds that (1) there exists a threshold related to the subsidy coefficient for the HWC manufacturer when choosing between self-saving and outsourcing-saving. (2) When the technological competitive advantage between WSSC and manufacturer is within a certain range, government's subsidy promotes HWC enterprises to choose outsourcing-saving. (3) Given a water-saving mode, subsidy on investment cost is more effective for the government to achieve more environmental performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>First, subsidy endogeneity can be considered to explore the optimal interval for government subsidies to maximize social welfare. Second, in outsourcing-saving, other types of contract can be discussed. Another extension is about model uncertainties. Finally, other policies on improving water efficiency can be also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Practical implications<\/jats:title>The paper includes implication for HWC manufacturers to select the best water-saving mode under subsidy, and it allows policymakers to understand the efficiency of proposed subsidies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>Decisions on water-saving efforts, selection of water-saving modes and operational planning are also regarded as business strategies in the paper. Particularly, the influences of different government subsidies are also considered and compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-09-2021-0805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T03:42:33Z","timestamp":1643600553000},"page":"2092-2117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of government subsidy on the optimal strategies of improving water use efficiency for a high-water-consumption manufacturer"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Weimin","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9578-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaona","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2023051813352844500_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2012.01377.x","article-title":"Finding and implementing energy efficiency projects in industrial facilities","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"key":"key2023051813352844500_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.05.014","article-title":"Manufacturer vs. consumer subsidy with green technology investment and environmental concern","volume":"287","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"key2023051813352844500_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.08.021","article-title":"Systematic literature review of decision support models for energy-efficient production planning","volume":"101","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"key2023051813352844500_ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reassessing the projections of the world water development report","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"key2023051813352844500_ref006","first-page":"274","article-title":"Deal or no deal on water-saving program? 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