{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:27:33Z","timestamp":1777498053136,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to find how those uncertainty factors influence transaction costs generated and to identify ways to minimize the transaction costs borne by the construction owner. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The literature indicates that there is no consensus on a standard definition of transaction costs in the construction industry. A detailed literature review of research work on transaction costs in construction is conducted in order to identify the determinants of transaction costs in construction projects. A structural equation model is tested on data collected by means of a survey administered to construction owners. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The findings indicate that the transaction costs borne by the owner can be minimized if the owner minimizes the uncertainties inherent in the construction project by making sure the engineering design is as complete as possible before bids are sought from contractors; harmonious relationships between project participants; fair risk allocation; have experience in similar type projects; and contractor selection practices that routinely detect irregular behavior. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The data used in this research are primarily based on the experiences of public owners and the markets in which they operate; a larger representation of private owners could make the conclusions more general. Another limitation of the study is that it relies on a survey of opinions rather than actual records of costs and other hard data. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 No empirical study has ever been conducted of transaction-related issues in the construction industry because of the lack of a common understanding of transaction cost. This paper provides the groundwork for such a study. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 This paper attempts to reconcile the many determinants of transaction costs in construction projects under uncertainty considered by different researchers in a multitude of research studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-10-2014-0206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T14:45:30Z","timestamp":1467211530000},"page":"866-883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Transaction costs in construction projects under uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b1","unstructured":"AECOM Consult Incorporated\n (2010), \u201cEstimating soft costs for major public transportation fixed guide way projects\u201d, Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report No. 138, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b2","unstructured":"Antinori, C.\n and \n Sathaye, J.\n (2007), \u201cAssessing transaction costs of project-based greenhouse gas emission trading\u201d, Formal Report No. LBNL-57315, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arditi, D.\n and \n Chotibhongs, R.\n (2009), \u201cDetection and prevention of unbalanced bids\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. l27 No. 8, pp. 721-732.","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190903117785"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arditi, D.\n and \n Pulket, T.\n (2010), \u201cPredicting the outcome of construction litigation using an integrated artificial intelligence model\u201d, \n Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering\n , Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 73-80.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2010)24:1(73)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arditi, D.\n , \n Polat, G.\n and \n Akin, S.\n (2010), \u201cLessons learned system in construction management\u201d, \n International Journal of Project Organization and Management\n , Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 61-83.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPOM.2010.031882"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajari, P.\n and \n Tadelis, S.\n (2001), \u201cIncentives versus transaction costs: a theory of procurement contracts\u201d, \n RAND Journal of Economics\n , Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 387-407.","DOI":"10.2307\/2696361"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremer, W.\n and \n Kok, K.\n (2000), \u201cThe Dutch construction industry: a combination of competition and corporatism\u201d, \n Building Research and Information\n , Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 98-108.","DOI":"10.1080\/096132100369000"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bresnen, M.\n and \n Marshall, N.\n (2000), \u201cBuilding partnerships: case studies of client-contractor collaboration in the UK construction industry\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 819-832.","DOI":"10.1080\/014461900433104"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b11","unstructured":"Brokmann, C.\n (2001), \u201cTransaction cost in relationship contracting\u201d, \n AACE International Transactions\n , pp. 1-7."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broome, J.\n and \n Perry, J.\n (2002), \u201cHow practitioners share fractions in target cost contracts\u201d, \n International Journal of Project Management\n , Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 59-66.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(00)00035-1"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, D.W.M.\n and \n Kumaraswamy, M.M.\n (1997), \u201cA comparative study of the causes of time and cost overruns in Hong Kong construction projects\u201d, \n International Journal of Project Management\n , Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 55-63.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(96)00039-7"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.Y.\n and \n Ive, G.\n (2007), \u201cReversal of bargaining power in construction projects: meaning, existence and implications\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 25 No. 8, pp. 845-855.","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190601164113"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chotibhongs, R.\n and \n Arditi, D.\n (2012), \u201cAnalysis of collusive bidding behavior\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 221-231.","DOI":"10.1080\/01446193.2012.661443"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coase, R.\n (1937), \u201cThe nature of the firm\u201d, \n Economica\n , Vol. 4 No. 16, pp. 386-405.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantino, N.\n , \n Pietroforte, R.\n and \n Hamill, P.\n (2001), \u201cSubcontracting in commercial and residential construction: an empirical investigation\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 439-447.","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190010020390"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diekmann, J.E.\n and \n Girard, M.J.\n (1995), \u201cAre contract disputes predictable?\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Engineering and Management\n , Vol. 121 No. 4, pp. 355-363.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(1995)121:4(355)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dissanayaka, S.M.\n and \n Kumaraswamy, M.M.\n (1999), \u201cEvaluation of factors affecting time and cost performance in Hong Kong building projects\u201d, \n Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management\n , Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 287-298.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb021119"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b20","unstructured":"Dudkin, G.\n and \n V\u00e4lil\u00e4, T.\n (2005), \u201cTransaction costs in public-private partnerships: a first look at the evidence\u201d, economic and financial report, European Investment Bank, Luxembourg."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eccles, R.G.\n (1981), \u201cThe quasi-firm in the construction industry\u201d, \n Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization\n , Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 335-357.","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(81)90013-5"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sayegh, S.M.\n (2008), \u201cRisk assessment and allocation in the UAE construction industry\u201d, \n International Journal of Project Management\n , Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 431-438.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2007.07.004"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b56","unstructured":"Engineering News-Record\n (2010), \u201cTop owners list\u201d, available at: http:\/\/enr.construction.com\/toplists\/ sourcebooks2010\/Owners\/topOwners\/001-100.asp (accessed March 1, 2011)."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eriksson, P.E.\n and \n Pes\u00e4maa, O.\n (2007), \u201cModelling procurement effects on cooperation\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 25 No. 8, pp. 893-901.","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190701468844"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b24","unstructured":"Farajian, M.\n (2010), \u201cTransaction cost estimation model for us infrastructure public private partnerships\u201d, MS thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b25","unstructured":"Greenwood, D.J.\n and \n Yates, D.J.\n (2007), \u201cThe determinants of successful partnering: a transaction cost perspective\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Procurement\n , Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 4-22."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunhan, S.\n , \n Arditi, D.\n and \n Doyle, J.\n (2007), \u201cAvoiding change orders in public school construction\u201d, \n Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice\n , Vol. 133 No. 1, pp. 67-73.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1052-3928(2007)133:1(67)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b27","unstructured":"Gunnarson, S.\n and \n Levitt, R.E.\n (1982), \u201cIs a building construction project a hierarchy or a market?\u201d, Proceedings of the Seventh World Congress of Project Management, Copenhagen."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b28","unstructured":"Hillebrandt, P.M.\n and \n Hughes, W.\n (2000), \u201cWhat are the costs of procurement and who bears them?\u201d, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries, Gaborone."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b29","unstructured":"Ho, P.\n and \n Tsui, C.-W.\n (2009), \u201cThe transaction cost of public private partnerships\u201d, Proceedings of LEED Conference, CO."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, W.\n , \n Hillebrandt, P.\n , \n Greenwood, D.\n and \n Kwawu, W.\n (2006),\n Procurement in the Construction Industry: The Impact and Cost of Alternative Market and Supply Processes\n , Taylor and Francis, London and New York, NY.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203968734"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibbs, C.W.\n and \n Ashley, D.B.\n (1987), \u201cImpact of construction contract clauses\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Engineering and Management\n , Vol. 113 No. 3, pp. 501-517.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(1987)113:3(501)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jobin, D.\n (2008), \u201cA transaction cost-based approach to partnership performance evaluation\u201d, \n Evaluation\n , Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 437-456.","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389008095487"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b33","unstructured":"Joskow, P.L.\n (1985), \u201cVertical integration and long-term contracts: the case of coal-burning electric generating plants\u201d, \n Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization\n , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 33-80."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b34","unstructured":"Kale, S.\n and \n Arditi, D.\n (2001), \u201cGeneral contractors\u2019 relationships with subcontractors: a strategic asset\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 541-549."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korczynski, M.\n (1996), \u201cThe low-trust route to economic development: inter-firm relations in the UK engineering construction industry in the 1980s and 1990s\u201d, \n Journal of Management Studies\n , Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 787-808.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.1996.tb00172.x"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kululanga, G.K.\n and \n McCaffer, R.\n (2001), \u201cMeasuring knowledge management for construction organizations\u201d, \n Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management\n , Vol. 8 Nos 5\/6, pp. 346-354.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb021195"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumaraswamy, M.M.\n (1997), \u201cConflicts, claims and disputes in construction\u201d, \n Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management\n , Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 95-111.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb021042"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, L.W.C.\n (2000), \u201cThe Coasian market-firm dichotomy and subcontracting in the construction industry\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 355-362.","DOI":"10.1080\/014461900370717"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b40","unstructured":"Lynch, T.D.\n (1996), \u201cA transaction cost framework for evaluating construction project organization\u201d, doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b41","unstructured":"Manzo, F.A.\n (1997), \u201cThe impact of an unbalanced bid on the change order process\u201d, \n Construction for News\n , Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 1-8."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, C.J.M.\n , \n Packham, G.A.\n and \n Thomas, B.C.\n (2002), \u201cHarmonization between main contractors and subcontractors: a prerequisite for lean construction?\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Research\n , Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 67-82.","DOI":"10.1142\/S1609945102000059"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitropoulos, P.\n and \n Howell, G.\n (2001), \u201cModel for understanding, preventing, and resolving project disputes\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Engineering and Management\n , Vol. 127 No. 3, pp. 223-231.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2001)127:3(223)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molenaar, K.R.\n , \n Washington, S.\n and \n Diekmann, J.\n (2000), \u201cStructural equation model of construction contract dispute potential\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Engineering and Management\n , Vol. 126 No. 4, pp. 268-277.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2000)126:4(268)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosheim, R.\n (2002), \u201cOrganizational type and efficiency in the Costa Rican coffee processing sector\u201d, \n Journal of Comparative Economics\n , Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 296-316.","DOI":"10.1006\/jcec.2002.1773"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, R.\n and \n Turner, J.R.\n (2005), \u201cThe impact of principal-agent relationship and contract type on communication between project owner and manager\u201d, \n International Journal of Project Management\n , Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 398-403.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2005.03.001"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mysen, T.\n , \n Svensson, G.\n and \n Payan, J.M.\n (2011), \u201cThe key role of opportunism in business relationships\u201d, \n Marketing Intelligence and Planning\n , Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 436-449.","DOI":"10.1108\/02634501111138581"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b48","unstructured":"Onyango, D.\n (1993), \u201cReduction in conflicts in construction\u201d, MSc report, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozorhon, B.\n , \n Arditi, D.\n , \n Dikmen, I.\n and \n Birgonul, M.T.\n (2010), \u201cThe performance of international joint ventures in construction\u201d, \n Journal of Management in Engineering\n , Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 209-222.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000022"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piertoforte, R.\n (1997), \u201cCommunication and governance in the building process\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 71-82.","DOI":"10.1080\/014461997373123"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b51","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M.\n and \n Kumaraswamy, M.M.\n (2002), \u201cMinimising transaction costs, maximising relational benefits and optimizing risk management \u2013 through partnering in Hong Kong projects.\u201d, \n International Journal for Construction Marketing\n , Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 51-72."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reve, T.\n and \n Levitt, R.E.\n (1984), \u201cOrganization and governance in construction\u201d, \n International Journal of Project Management\n , Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 17-25.","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7863(84)90054-1"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, L.Y.\n , \n Wu, G.W.C.\n and \n Ng, C.S.K.\n (2001), \u201cRisk assessment for construction joint ventures in China\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Engineering and Management\n , Vol. 127 No. 1, pp. 76-81.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2001)127:1(76)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b54","unstructured":"Soli\u00f1o, A.S.\n and \n Gago de Santos, P.\n (2009), \u201cTransaction costs in PPP transport infrastructure projects\u201d, working paper, European Investment Bank."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songer, A.D.\n and \n Molenaar, K.R.\n (1997), \u201cProject characteristics for successful public-sector design-build\u201d, \n Journal of Construction Engineering and Management\n , Vol. 123 No. 1, pp. 34-40.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(1997)123:1(34)"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, J.R.\n and \n Keegan, A.\n (2001), \u201cMechanisms of governance in the project-based organization: roles of the broker and steward\u201d, \n European Management Journal\n , Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 254-267.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-2373(01)00022-6"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, J.R.\n and \n Simister, S.J.\n (2001), \u201cProject contract management and a theory of organization\u201d, \n International Journal of Project Management\n , Vol. 19 No. 8, pp. 457-464.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(01)00051-5"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b59","unstructured":"Vrijhoef, R.\n and \n Ridder, H.\n (2007), \u201cSupply chain systems engineering in construction\u201d, working paper, Delft University of Technology, Delft."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b60","unstructured":"Walker, F.\n and \n Pryke, S.\n (2009), \u201cRole definition and dimensions of incomplete construction contract documents\u201d, Proceeding of RICS COBRA Research Conference, University of Cape Town, pp. 1258-1275."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b61","unstructured":"Whittington, J.M.\n (2008), \u201cThe transaction cost economics of highway project delivery: design-build contracting in three states\u201d, doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, O.E.\n (1979), \u201cTransaction cost economics: the governance of contractual relations\u201d, \n Journal of Law and Economics\n , Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 233-261.","DOI":"10.1086\/466942"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b62","unstructured":"Williamson, O.E.\n (1985), \n The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting\n , Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b63","unstructured":"Williamson, O.E.\n (1987), \n The Economic Institutions of Capitalism\n , The Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winch, G.\n (1989), \u201cThe construction firm and the construction project: a transaction cost approach\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 331-345.","DOI":"10.1080\/01446198900000032"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winch, G.M.\n (2001), \u201cGoverning the project process: a conceptual framework\u201d, \n Construction Management and Economics\n , Vol. 19 No. 8, pp. 799-808.","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190110074264"},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_b67","unstructured":"Yates, D.J.\n (1999), \u201cConflict and dispute in the development process: a transaction cost economic perspective\u201d, working paper, Department of Real Estate and Construction, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_frd1","unstructured":"Bajari, P.\n and \n Summers, G.\n (2002), \u201cDetecting collusion in procurement auctions\u201d, \n Antitrust Law Journal\n , Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 143-170."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_frd2","unstructured":"Barclay, D.W.\n , \n Thompson, R.\n and \n Higgins, C.\n (1995), \u201cThe partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: personal computer adoption and use an illustration\u201d, \n Technology Studies\n , Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 285-309."},{"key":"key2020121519452071600_frd3","unstructured":"Kaplan, R.S.\n and \n Norton, D.P.\n (1992), \u201cThe balanced scorecard \u2013 measures that drive performance\u201d, \n Harvard Business Review\n , Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 71-79."}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-10-2014-0206\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-10-2014-0206\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:50:28Z","timestamp":1753393828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/45\/6\/866-883\/273636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-10-2014-0206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-10-2014-0206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0368-492X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]}}}