{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T01:09:37Z","timestamp":1776215377416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to analyze the crowd stampede risk mechanism from the perspective of systems thinking.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Causal loop diagram is drawn to outline the non-linear interactions among complex factors across the whole system and dissect the contributory factors of crowd stampede accident. To systematically construct the theoretical framework and find fundamental solutions, co-word analysis with Citespace is used to get the critical data. An agent-based simulation using Pathfinder is conducted to develop a spatial model for the Shanghai Stampede Accident that happened in 2014.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The causal loop diagram is formed to not only illustrate the symptomatic solutions with a quick fix but also dissect the fundamental solutions through an underlying systemic analysis. The simulation shows that crowd stampede experiences an interactive process of accumulation, trigger, delay, break and diffusion of risk factors within the crowd system. A linkage effect among the multidimensional characters of individuals and the system accelerates the stampede risk deterioration. There exists delay of the result of effect from the deep-level measure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A top-down approach is offered to policymakers for crowd stampede risk protocol design and synergic emergency control that may reduce the risk of the stampede.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, SDFT paradigm is proposed as the critical solution for the crowd stampede accident. In addition, a chain effect of energy and a linkage effect within the crowd system is illustrated for in-depth understanding of crowd stampede risk.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-11-2017-0415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T19:02:08Z","timestamp":1540494128000},"page":"124-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Analysis of crowd stampede risk mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Xie","family":"Kefan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sishi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.02.054","article-title":"Modeling framework for optimal evacuation of large-scale crowded pedestrian facilities","volume":"237","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920510595346","article-title":"Non-linear dynamics in affective solutions: Analysis of massive collectives of emotional agents","volume":"34","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"A lagrangian particle dynamics approach for crowd flow segmentation and stability analysis","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.06.011","article-title":"Systems theoretic accident model and process (STAMP) safety modelling applied to an aircraft rapid decompression event","volume":"98","year":"2017","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"25","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404953111","article-title":"Social identification moderates the effect of crowd density on safety at the hajj","volume":"111","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref006","volume-title":"The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1108\/K-07-2013-0147","article-title":"Towards viral systems thinking: a cross-cultural study of sustainable tourism ads","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref008","first-page":"507","article-title":"Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton","volume":"295","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref009","first-page":"579","article-title":"A network flow model for lane-based evacuation routing","volume":"37","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2013.09.014","article-title":"Agent-based model for earthquake pedestrians\u2019 evacuation in urban outdoor scenarios: Behavioural patterns definition and evacuation paths choice","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2013.01.012","article-title":"Simulation of pedestrian counter flow through bottlenecks by using an agent-based model","volume":"392","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref012","first-page":"216","article-title":"Panic and the paradoxes of the social order","volume-title":"Passions in Economy, Politics, and the Media: In Discussion with Christian Theology","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref013","first-page":"190","article-title":"Applying systems thinking approach to accident analysis in China: Case study of \u20187.23\u2019 Yong-Tai-Wen High-Speed train accident","volume-title":"Safety Science","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2016.06.019","article-title":"A fuzzy-theory-based method for studying the effect of information transmission on nonlinear crowd dispersion dynamics","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2009.11.006","article-title":"Applying systems thinking concepts in the analysis of major incidents and safety culture","volume":"48","year":"2010","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2014.08.036","article-title":"Simulation of spatial and temporal separation of pedestrian counter flow through a bottleneck","volume":"415","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"issue":"6803","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/35035023","article-title":"Simulating dynamical features of escape panic","volume":"407","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2013.12.049","article-title":"A social force evacuation model with the leadership effect","volume":"400","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1068\/a35119","article-title":"A room of one\u2019s own: Housing consumption and residential crowding in transitional urban China","volume":"35","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.12.042","article-title":"Speed up deep neural network based pedestrian detection by sharing features across multi-scale models","volume":"185","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref021","volume-title":"Evolution, Order, and Complexity","year":"1996"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2017.57022","article-title":"Research on risk evaluation index system of stampede in stadium \u2013 by taking tianhe sports center as an example","volume":"05","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref023","first-page":"17","article-title":"A systems approach to risk management through leading safety indicators","volume-title":"Reliability Engineering and System Safety","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2009.12.021","article-title":"Applying systems thinking to analyze and learn from events","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2013.12.040","article-title":"Counting crowd flow based on feature points","volume":"133","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2293","article-title":"Simulation on staffs evacuation behavior in plant fire emergencies","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Systems Research and Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1108\/03684921211275216","article-title":"Using system dynamics to study the logistics outsourcing cost of risk","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2013.10.004","article-title":"A discrete choice model based on random utilities for exit choice in emergency evacuations","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2005.68.2.95","article-title":"Understanding mass panic and other collective responses to threat and disaster","volume":"68","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref030","volume-title":"Systems Thinking: Intelligence in Action","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref031","volume-title":"The Combinatory Systems Theory: Understanding, Modeling and Simulating Collective Phenomena","year":"2017"},{"issue":"17","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016507108","article-title":"How simple rules determine pedestrian behavior and crowd disasters","volume":"108","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920410514346","article-title":"How to restore bertalanffian systems thinking","volume":"33","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.01.007","article-title":"Using space syntax and agent-based approaches for modeling pedestrian volume at the urban scale","volume":"64","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"issue":"8\/9","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref035","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Agent-based simulation of fire emergency evacuation with fire and human interaction model","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1402-8","article-title":"Mapping the intellectual structure of scientometrics: a co-word analysis of the journal scientometrics (2005-2010)","volume":"102","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.04.011","article-title":"Road transport in drift? Applying contemporary systems thinking to road safety","volume":"50","year":"2012","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref038","volume-title":"The Fifth Discipline: Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization","year":"2014"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1108\/03684921211257810","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of stranded passengers\u2019 transferring decision\u2010making on the basis of herd behaviors","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.123","article-title":"Identifying behaviors in crowd scenes using stability analysis for dynamical systems","volume":"34","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.09.029","article-title":"Agent-based simulation of building evacuation: Combining human behavior with predictable spatial accessibility in a fire emergency","volume":"295","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref042","first-page":"154","article-title":"Systemic accident analysis: Examining the gap between research and practice","volume-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref043","first-page":"75","article-title":"Systems thinking, the swiss cheese model and accident analysis: a comparative systemic analysis of the grayrigg train derailment using the ATSB, AcciMap and STAMP models","volume-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-0118-9","article-title":"Mapping research topics using word-reference co-occurences: a method and an exploratory case study","volume":"68","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2016.04.001","article-title":"A review of optimisation models for pedestrian evacuation and design problems","volume":"87","year":"2016","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1108\/03684921211213043","article-title":"A systems thinking approach for project vulnerability management","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.10.013","article-title":"An agent-based simulation system for concert venue crowd evacuation modeling in the presence of a fire disaster","volume":"41","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref048","first-page":"373","article-title":"Investigation of an agent-based modeling on crowd evacuation and its application to real buildings","volume":"8025","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"issue":"Part 2","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref049","first-page":"430","article-title":"Simulation-based route planning for pedestrian evacuation in metro stations: a case study","volume":"71","year":"2016","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2006.06.016","article-title":"A stranded-crowd model (SCM) for performance-based design of stadium egress","volume":"42","year":"2007","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092515315930200_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1108\/K-04-2015-0096","article-title":"Study on pedestrian flow evacuation with individual-guidance mechanism study on pedestrian flow evacuation with individual-guidance mechanism","volume":"45","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.04.018","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of pedestrian dynamical behavior based on a fuzzy logic approach","volume":"360","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"key2020092515315930200_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Pei, H. and Wu, H. (2016a), \u201cEarly warning of human crowds based on query data from baidu map: Analysis based on shanghai stampede\u201d, available at: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1603.06780","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51929-6_2"}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-11-2017-0415\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/K-11-2017-0415\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:51:01Z","timestamp":1753393861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/48\/1\/124-142\/263707"}},"subtitle":["A systems thinking perspective"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/K-11-2017-0415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/k-11-2017-0415","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0368-492X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]}}}