{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:01:04Z","timestamp":1774555264310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper reviews the underpinning principles and scientific trends of cybernetics and the viable system model (VSM). Therefore, this paper aims to guide authors and managers active in management cybernetics and to inform them about the past, current and future trends in this discipline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper adopts both qualitative and quantitative methods. First, a descriptive and qualitative approach is used to review and analyze management cybernetics historical trends. Then, a frequency analysis (quantitative) is conducted on the 1,000 first publications in the field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cybernetics was emerged in the Josiah Macy conference in 1946. Then, Wiener introduced the field of cybernetics and Ashby, Von Foerster and McCulloch developed this concept as a discipline. The Management cybernetics field that was introduced by Beer is a combination of system, control and management sciences. Beer presented VSM as an operational model in this area. Analyzing the 1,000 top-ranked publications shows that the introduction of this field reached maturity and further development became relatively mature. Moreover, based on the analyzed trends, VSM model application can now be strongly attractive. In this paper, the main journals, authors and research trends are analyzed. The main application area of this model is in the IT field and large-scale organizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present paper\u2019s implication for practitioners and researchers is guiding authors and managers to most appropriate studies in the field, so that they can produce and use the most efficient studies in this field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Social implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fields of IT, Policy-Making, Production, Social Issues, Service industry, Software developers, etc., are some of this paper\u2019s implications for industry and society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, the steps of VSM development are investigated. Then, recent trends (classifications, authors, journals and topics analysis) are surveyed by analyzing the top 1,000 publications in this field. This paper would help researchers find more appropriate research fields. In addition, it helps practitioners find the optimum solutions based on management cybernetics for their problems among vast numbers of publications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/k-11-2017-0433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T06:37:16Z","timestamp":1531463836000},"page":"1011-1044","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Researches status and trends of management cybernetics and viable system model"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Vahidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Aliahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Teimoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092317323961600_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.440","article-title":"Managing viable knowledge","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"Systems Research and Behavioral"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092317323961600_ref002","article-title":"Using a viable system model as a diagnostic tool for small-sized companies","volume":"1","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Services and Operations Management"},{"key":"key2020092317323961600_ref003","article-title":"A viable system model for information security governance: establishing a baseline of the current information security operations system, IFIP","volume-title":"International Information Security","year":"2013"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020092317323961600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/III.9.44","article-title":"Can a mechanical chess-player outplay its designer?","volume":"3","year":"1952","journal-title":"The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"key2020092317323961600_ref005","volume-title":"Design for a Brain","year":"1952"},{"key":"key2020092317323961600_ref006","volume-title":"An Introduction to Cybernetics","year":"1956"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092317323961600_ref007","first-page":"83","article-title":"Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems","volume":"1","year":"1958","journal-title":"Cybernetica"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092317323961600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.1102","article-title":"Diagnosing, simulating and improving business process using cybernetic laws and the viable system model: the case of a purchasing process","volume":"29","year":"2012","journal-title":"Systems Research and Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092317323961600_ref009","article-title":"Agile value chains for manufacturing\u2013implications for performance measures","volume":"1","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Agile"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2020092317323961600_ref010","article-title":"Smart service systems and viable service systems: applying systems theory to service science","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"key":"key2020092317323961600_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barile, S., Spohrer, J. and Polese, F. 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