{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:32:53Z","timestamp":1754155973861,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,2]],"date-time":"2013-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,2]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to provide much needed data to staff working with archival digitization on cost and benefit of visual checks during quality control workflows, and to encourage those in the field of digitization to take a data-driven approach to planning and workflow development as they transition into large-scale digitization. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 This is a case study of a cost benefit analysis at the Triangle Research Libraries Network. Data were tracked on time spent performing visual checks compared to scanning production and error type\/discovery rates for the consortial grant \u201cContent, context, and capacity: a collaborative large-scale digitization project on the long civil rights movement in North Carolina\u201d. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 Findings show that 85 percent of time was spent scanning and 15 percent was spent on quality control with visual checks of every scan. Only one error was discovered for every 223 scans reviewed (0.4 percent of scans). Of the six types of error identified, only half cause critical user experience issues. Of all errors detected, only 32 percent fell into the critical category. One critical error was found for every 700 scans (0.1 percent of scans). If all the time spent performing visual checks were instead spent on scanning, production would have increased by 18 percent. Folders with 100 or more scans comprised only 11.5 percent of all folders and 37 percent of folders in this group contained errors (for comparison, only 8 percent of folders with 50 or more scans contained errors). Additionally, 52 percent of all critical errors occurred in these folders. The errors in larger folders represented 30 percent of total errors, and performing visual checks on the large folders required 32 percent of all visual check time. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The data gathered during this research can be repurposed by others wishing to consider or conduct cost benefit analysis of visual check workflows for large-scale digitization. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 To the authors' knowledge, this is the only available dataset on rate of error detection and error type compared to time spent on quality control visual checks in digitization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/lht-01-2013-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T11:06:27Z","timestamp":1379070387000},"page":"405-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cost and benefit of quality control visual checks in large-scale digitization of archival manuscripts"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Joyce","family":"Chapman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b1","unstructured":"Aikens, B.\n , \n Weiss, K.\n and \n Reiter, T.\n (2009), \u201cBuilding a large scale digitization program at the Archives of American Art\u201d, paper presented at Moving from Projects to a Program: The Sustainability of Large-Scale Digitization of Manuscript Collections, Chapel Hill, NC, March 12, available at: www.lib.unc.edu\/mss\/archivalmassdigitization\/download\/aikens_weiss_reiter.pdf (accessed 13 September 2012)."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, C.G.\n and \n Maxwell, D.C.\n (2004), Starting a Digitization Center, Chandos Publishing, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781780630663"},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b3","unstructured":"Belfiore, D.\n (2012), \u201cCase study: using Perl and CGI scripts to automate a quality control workflow for scanned congressional documents\u201d, Code4lib, No. 17."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b4","unstructured":"Brown, L.\n (2011), \u201cThe trickle, the firehose, and the bucket: large-scale manuscript digitization at UNC-Chapel Hill\u201d, unpublished paper presented on the panel \u201cMore Access to More Content: The EAD Finding Aid and Other Effective Tools for Large-Scale Digitization\u201d at Archives 360: 75th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archivists, Chicago, IL, 22-27 August."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b5","unstructured":"Chapman, S.\n (2000a), \u201cConsiderations for project management\u201d, in \n Sitts, M.\n (Ed.), Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access, Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, MA, pp. 16-30."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b6","unstructured":"Chapman, S.\n (2000b), \u201cWorking with printed text and manuscripts\u201d, in \n Sitts, M.\n (Ed.), Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access, Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, MA, pp. 104-110."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b7","unstructured":"Conway, P.\n (2000), \u201cOverview: rationale for digitization and preservation\u201d, in \n Sitts, M.\n (Ed.), Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool For Preservation And Access, Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, MA, pp. 1-15."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conway, P.\n (2011), \u201cArchival quality and long-term preservation: a research framework for validating the usefulness of digital surrogates\u201d, Archival Science, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 293-309.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10502-011-9155-0"},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b9","unstructured":"Conway, P.\n (2012), Validating Quality in Large-Scale Digitization, available at: http:\/\/hathitrust-quality.projects.si.umich.edu\/ (accessed 13 January 2013)."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b10","unstructured":"Conway, P.\n (2013a), \u201cRe: missing online data set references in your grant proposal\u201d, E-mail Message to J. Chapman (joyce.chapman@ncdcr.gov) Sent 1\/3\/13."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conway, P.\n (2013b), \u201cPreserving imperfection: assessing the incidence of digitization error in HathiTrust\u201d, Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture, Vol. 1 No. 1.","DOI":"10.1515\/pdtc-2013-0003"},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeRiddler, J.L.\n , \n Presnell, A.A.\n and \n Walker, K.W.\n (2012), \u201cLeveraging encoded archival description for access to digital content: a cost and usability analysis\u201d, The American Archivist, Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 143-170.","DOI":"10.17723\/aarc.75.1.5641v61p422u0u90"},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b13","unstructured":"Dietz, B.\n and \n Ronallo, J.\n (2011), \u201cAutomating a digital special collections workflow through iterative development\u201d, paper presented at Association of College and Research Libraries Annual Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 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beyond digitization training program\u201d, Library High Tech, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 187-204.","DOI":"10.1108\/07378830510605151"},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b28","unstructured":"Ranger, J.\n (2006), \u201cMore bytes, less bite: cutting corners in digitization\u201d, unpublished paper presented at Midwest Archives Conference symposium, Fall, Omaha, NE, available at: www.archivists.org\/conference\/sanfrancisco2008\/docs\/session701-ranger.pdf (accessed 13 September 2012)."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b29","unstructured":"Rieger, O.\n (2000) in \n Kenney, A.R.\n and \n Rieger, O.Y.\n (Eds), Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives, Research Libraries Group, Mountain View, CA, pp. 61-83."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley, J.\n and \n Whitsel, K.\n (2005), \u201cPractical quality control procedures for digital imaging projects\u201d, OCLC Systems and Services: International Digital Library Perspectives, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 40-48.","DOI":"10.1108\/10650750510578145"},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b31","unstructured":"Smith, S.D.\n (2000), \u201cCooperative imaging: scans well with others\u201d, in \n Sitts, M.\n (Ed.), Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access, Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, MA, pp. 136-139."},{"key":"key2022030720241362600_b32","unstructured":"Southern Historical Collection\n (2007), \u201cExtending the reach of Southern sources: proceeding to large-scale digitization of manuscript collections\u201d, Final Grant Report for the Andrew W. 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