{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:33:25Z","timestamp":1754156005102,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]],"date-time":"2018-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LHT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the difference between experts and novices when reading with navigational table of contents (N-TOC). Experts refer to readers with high level of domain knowledge; novices refer to readers with low level of domain knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors performed a controlled experiment of three reading tasks (including fact finding task, partial understanding task, and full-text understanding task) on an N-TOC system for 35 post-graduates of Wuhan University who have rich experience in reading with N-TOC. Participants\u2019 domain knowledge was measured by pre-experiment questionnaires; reading performance data including score, time, navigation use, and evaluation of N-TOC were collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that there was significant difference in neither navigation use nor participants\u2019 evaluation, but domain experts performed significantly better in both score and time of all tasks than domain novices, which revealed an \u201cillusion of control\u201d phenomenon that rich experience in reading with N-TOC enabled domain novices to achieve the same performance as domain experts. In addition, this research found that N-TOC was not suitable for domain novices to solve full-text understanding task because of \u201ccognitive overload\u201d phenomenon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study makes a good contribution to the literature on the effect of domain knowledge on reading performance during N-TOC reading and how to provide better digital reading service in the field of library science and information science.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/lht-05-2017-0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]],"date-time":"2018-01-12T06:24:50Z","timestamp":1515738290000},"page":"194-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differences between experts and novices when reading with navigational table of 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