{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:32:26Z","timestamp":1754155946396,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LHT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate the trained and untrained users\u2019 mental models compatibility with search module icons in three Iranian digital library applications, namely, Nika, Azarakhsh, and Simorgh.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The population of this survey consisted of two groups including trained and untrained users. The trained user group consisted of 174 samples, all of which were included in the study due to scarcity of the samples. The untrained user group consisted of 8,210 samples, from which 267 cases were selected through stratified sampling.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results showed that the trained users\u2019 mental models were more compatible with the search module icons than those of the untrained users. The comparison of three software applications showed that the mental models of trained and untrained users had the highest compatibility with the search icons of Azarakhsh and the lowest compatibility with those of Nika. Concerning the untrained users\u2019 status in terms of their fields of study, results showed that users majoring technical and engineering field and those in agriculture had, respectively, the highest and lowest mental models compatibility with the icons embedded in the user interface of the studied applications.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Since the mental models may be incomplete or inaccurate, the study of the trained and untrained users\u2019 mental models compatibility with the search module icons of user interface embedded in various library applications may help in assessing the software\u2019 status and the designers\u2019 level of success in conveying the content. This also may assist information literacy specialists to estimate the required amount of training for trained and untrained users.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/lht-06-2016-0071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]],"date-time":"2017-05-26T04:30:28Z","timestamp":1495773028000},"page":"290-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The trained and untrained users\u2019 mental models compatibility with the icons of search modules in Iranian digital library applications"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Rahrovani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Mirzabeigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Abbaspour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020120702471601000_ref001","unstructured":"Borgman, C.L. (1984), \u201cThe user\u2019s mental model of an information retrieval system: effects on performance\u201d, unpublished dissertation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1075\/idj.6.1.05bru","article-title":"Advances in the international standardization of public information symbols","volume":"6","year":"1990","journal-title":"Information Design Journal"},{"edition":"3rd ed.","volume-title":"Sampling Techniques","year":"1977","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref002"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref003","first-page":"141","article-title":"Mental models theory and search outcome in a bibliographic retrieval system","volume":"14","year":"1992","journal-title":"Library and Information Science Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref004","first-page":"92","article-title":"The importance of mobile interface icons on user interaction","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Applications"},{"year":"2009","author":"General Specifications, Curriculum and Lesson Syllabus Regulations of MSRT","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref005"},{"key":"key2020120702471601000_ref006","first-page":"652","article-title":"The effects of icon characteristics on users\u2019 perception","volume-title":"International Visual Informatics Conference","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref007","first-page":"123","article-title":"Analyzing user understandability of graphical symbols of user interface embedded in Simorgh software","volume":"62","year":"2010","journal-title":"Information Research and Public Libraries Quarterly"},{"year":"1998","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref301","article-title":"Determining where to include users in the icon development process: a reliability and validity study"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120702471601000_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X200102","article-title":"Icon identification in context: the changing role of icon characteristics with user experience","volume":"49","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"},{"key":"key2020120702471601000_ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"What would \u2018Google\u2019 do? 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