{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:32:08Z","timestamp":1754155928952,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LHT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the development of Web2.0 and publishing digitalization, traditional libraries and evaluation citation system can no longer indicate academic paper influence validly. Therefore, it is necessary to construct smart library and find the evaluation effect of Internet metrics-Usage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study puts forward four indexes of scholars\u2019 evaluation based on Usage (total Usage (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>), average Usage rate (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>u<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>-index and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>u<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>-index), which refer to citation indexes, takes the 35 high-output scholars in the field of library and information science in the WoS database as examples, analyzes performance of different scholars evaluation indexes based on Usage and compares the differences and correlations between \u201ccitation indicators\u201d and \u201cusage indicators.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study results show that <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>u<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>-index is the strongest index to evaluate scholars. Second, there is a high correlation and strong mechanism based on time dependence and interactions between Usage and citation. Third, compared to \u201ccitation indicators\u201d, the \u201cusage indicators\u201d has a larger numerical value and wider measurement range, which can break the time limitation of citation, and scientifically evaluate young scholars and newly published paper by scholars.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper proposes the <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>u<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>-index \u2013 a relatively superior mathematical model for Usage and provides reference for the scholars\u2019 evaluation policy of the smart library. This model can not only provide fair evaluation conditions for young scientists but also shorten the evaluation effect of the time lag of cited indicators. In addition, the \u201cusage indicators\u201d in this paper are new scientific evaluation indicators generated in the network environment. Applying it to the academic evaluation system will make the research papers widely accepted by the public and will also encourage scientists to follow the development of the Internet age and pursue research with equal emphasis on quantity and quality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/lht-09-2019-0191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T08:21:11Z","timestamp":1583310071000},"page":"45-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Can usage be used for scholars\u2019 evaluation in the construction of smart libraries?"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Yunmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zichun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref001","first-page":"391","article-title":"hg-index: a new index to characterize the scientific output of researchers based on the h-and g-indices","volume":"82","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref002","first-page":"151","article-title":"Application of correlation analysis principle in Library & Information analysis","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2708-8","article-title":"Comparison of citation and usage indicators in research assessment in scientific disciplines and journals","volume":"116","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"key2022021611152320600_ref004","unstructured":"Duan, X.L. (2015), \u201cUpdate introduction of web of science-5.19\u201d, available at: http:\/\/v.qq.com\/x\/page\/n0168 gbqol0.html?ptag=biog_sciencenet_cn."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-0144-7","article-title":"Theory and practice of the g-index","volume":"69","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20473","article-title":"Dynamic h-index: the Hirsch index in finction of time","volume":"58","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-0143-8","article-title":"An informetric model for the Hirsch-index","volume":"69","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref008","first-page":"68","article-title":"Correlation between citation frequency and usage count of documents in Web of Science database","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Scientific and Technical Periodicals"},{"issue":"3159","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1126\/science.122.3159.108","article-title":"Citation indexes for science: a new dimension in documentation through associatation of ideas","volume":"122","year":"1955","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref010","first-page":"195","article-title":"New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing","volume":"14","year":"1963","journal-title":"American Documentation"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1472-7","article-title":"Usage metrics versus altmetrics: confusing terminology?","volume":"102","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"224","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref012","first-page":"64","article-title":"The aggregation path orientation of scientific and technological evaluation under the revival context of informal communication","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Library Science in China"},{"issue":"46","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507655102","article-title":"An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output","volume":"102","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"R-index and AR-index: complementing indicators to h-index","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science Focus"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-007-0145-9","article-title":"The R-and AR-indexes: complementing the h-index","volume":"52","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chinese Science Bulletin"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref016","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comparison between discipline h-index and traditional bibliometric indexes of world famous university","volume":"56","year":"2012","journal-title":"Library and Information Service"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1108\/EL-04-2016-0088","article-title":"Usage pattern of e-resources among management students in Nagpur, Maharashtra (India)","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Electronic Library"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1108\/EL-03-2013-0046","article-title":"Usage of e-journals in French business schools","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Electronic Library"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1515\/jdis-2017-0005","article-title":"Usage count: a new indicator to detect research fronts","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Data and Information Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1108\/EL-10-2018-0208","article-title":"How much of library digital content is checked out but never used? A call for refined lending models","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Electronic Library"},{"first-page":"214","volume-title":"The Overall Network Analysis","year":"2009","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref021"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0066-2","article-title":"Is there a place for a mock h-index?","volume":"84","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0068-0","article-title":"The 100 most prolific economists using the p-index","volume":"84","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref024","first-page":"101","article-title":"Dilemma and its breakthrough of college young talents' performance evaluation","volume":"275","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Researches on Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-2093-0","article-title":"Usage patterns of scholarly articles on web of science: a study on web of science usage count","volume":"109","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"year":"2008","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref026","article-title":"The w-index: a significant improvement of the h-index"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref027","first-page":"128","article-title":"A new comprehensive metric indicator to science and technology: a review on p-index","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Library and Information Service"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref028","first-page":"117","article-title":"Empirical eesearch on half- life period of journals based on downloads","volume":"33","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref029","article-title":"The e-index, complementing the h-index for excess citations","volume":"4","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref030","first-page":"44","article-title":"Exploring the features of usage data for academic literatures","volume":"43","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Library Science in China"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021611152320600_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2662-5","article-title":"Do funded papers attract more usage?","volume":"115","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Library Hi Tech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/LHT-09-2019-0191\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/LHT-09-2019-0191\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:15:09Z","timestamp":1753395309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/lht\/article\/40\/1\/45-61\/453930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/LHT-09-2019-0191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/lht-09-2019-0191","relation":{},"ISSN":["0737-8831"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0737-8831"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]}}}