{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:46:24Z","timestamp":1759941984145,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behaviour preferences and patterns of the organisation of information by taggers, including usage of tags, tag categories and implicit patterns embedded in social tags.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample was 4,390 social tags (1,777 unique) from 1,661 articles published in 16 library and information science journals selected from CiteULike between February and March 2011. Using application profiles, a tag category model served as a framework to develop two sets of hybrid tag categories for analysing the distribution of tag categories and their implicit patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of tag categories was consistent with that of individual tags and obeyed a power law distribution. In total, six implicit patterns embedded in tags \u2013 syntactical, semantic, mnemonic, genre, contextual hybrid relations and split term \u2013 were discovered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although this study focused solely on investigating taggers' behaviour preferences and patterns, the results of this study may shed light on tagging practice, query formulation and construction of controlled vocabularies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>A set of hybrid tag categories consisting of title, function, content and topic\u2010related categories is proposed to delineate the distribution of social tags and taggers' behaviour preferences, and implicit patterns embedded in tags are generalised. These patterns may be useful for tagging practice, query formulation and construction of controlled vocabularies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/oir-05-2012-0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T12:32:08Z","timestamp":1376483528000},"page":"638-656","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An analysis of users' behaviour patterns in the organisation of information"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Ya\u2010Ning","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao\u2010Ren","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angus, E., Thelwall, M. and Stuart, D. (2008), \u201cGeneral patterns of tag usage among university groups in Flickr\u201d, Online Information Review, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 89\u2010101.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b1","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520810866001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff, K., Firan, C.S., Nejdl, W. and Paiu, R. (2008), \u201cCan all tags be used for search?\u201d, Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, ACM Press, New York, NY, p. 203\u201012.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b2","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458112"},{"unstructured":"Bruce, R. (2008), \u201cDescriptor and folksonomy concurrence in education related scholarly research\u201d, Webology, Vol. 5 No. 3.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golder, S.A. and Huberman, B.A. (2006), \u201cUsage patterns of collaborative tagging systems\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 198\u2010208.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b4","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506062337"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy, M. and Tonkin, E. (2006), \u201cFolksonomies: tidying up tags\u201d, D\u2010Lib Magazine, Vol. 12 No. 1.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b5","DOI":"10.1045\/january2006-guy"},{"unstructured":"Heckner, M., M\u00fchlbacher, S. and Wolff, C. (2008), \u201cTagging tagging: analysing user keywords in scientific bibliography management systems\u201d, Journal of Digital Information, Vol. 9 No. 2.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b6"},{"unstructured":"Heery, R. and Patel, M. (2000), \u201cApplication profiles: mixing and matching metadata schemas\u201d, Ariadne, p. 25.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heymann, P., Koutrika, G. and Garcia\u2010Molina, H. (2008), \u201cCan social bookmarking improve web search?\u201d Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Web Search and Web Data Mining, ACM Press, New York, NY, pp. 195\u2010206.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b8","DOI":"10.1145\/1341531.1341558"},{"unstructured":"Iyer, H. and Bungo, L. (2011), \u201cAn examination of semantic relationships between professionally assigned metadata and user\u2010generated tags for popular literature in complementary and alternative medicine\u201d, Information Research, Vol. 1 No. 3.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, H.\u2010R. and Chen, Y.\u2010N. (2012), \u201cStructure and pattern of social tags for keyword selection behaviors\u201d, Scientometrics, Vol. 92 No. 1, pp. 43\u201062.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0718-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kipp, M.E. (2011a), \u201cTagging of biomedical articles on CiteULike: a comparison of user, author and professional indexing\u201d, Knowledge Organization, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 245\u2010261.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b12","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2011-3-245"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kipp, M.E. (2011b), \u201cUser, author and professional indexing in context: an exploration of tagging practices on CiteULike\u201d, The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 17\u201048.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b13","DOI":"10.1353\/ils.2011.0008"},{"unstructured":"Kipp, M.E.I. (2006), \u201cComplementary or discrete contexts in online indexing: a comparison of user, creator and intermediary keywords\u201d, paper presented at CAIS\/ACSI Conference, available at: http:\/\/eprints.rclis.org\/bitstream\/10760\/8771\/1\/mkipp\u2010caispaper.pdf (accessed 31 December 2010).","key":"key2022021320263099700_b11"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landis, J.R. and Koch, G.G. (1977), \u201cThe measurement of observer agreement for categorical data\u201d, Biometrics, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 159\u2010174.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b14","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Beaudoin, J.E., Bui, Y. and Desai, K. (2006), \u201cExploring characteristics of social classification\u201d, Proceedings of the 17th ASIS&T SIG\/CR Classification Research Workshop, available at: http:\/\/faculty.cis.drexel.edu\/\u223cxlin\/papers\/ASIS200 (accessed 5 July 2011).","key":"key2022021320263099700_b15","DOI":"10.7152\/acro.v17i1.12491"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Park, J. and Hu, X. (2010), \u201cUser tags versus expert\u2010assigned subject terms: a comparison of LibraryThing tags and Library of Congress subject headings\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 36 No. 6, pp. 763\u2010779.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b16","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551510386173"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marlow, C., Naaman, M., Body, D. and Davis, M. (2006), \u201cPosition paper: tagging, taxonomy, Flikr, article, toread\u201d, Proceedings of the Collaborative Web Tagging Workshop at the WWW 2006, ACM Press, New York, NY, available at: www.danah.org\/papers\/WWW2006.pdf (accessed 30 December 2010).","key":"key2022021320263099700_b17","DOI":"10.1145\/1149941.1149949"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munk, T.B. and M\u00f8rk, K. (2007), \u201cFolksonomies, tagging communities, and tagging strategies: an empirical study\u201d, Knowledge Organization, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 115\u2010127.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b18","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2007-3-115"},{"unstructured":"NISO (2005), Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies, NISO Press, Bethesda, MD.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b29"},{"unstructured":"Panofsky, E. (1983), Meaning in the Visual Arts, Peregrine Books, Singapore.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b19"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolla, P.J. (2009), \u201cUser tags versus subject headings: can user\u2010supported data improve subject access to library collections?\u201d, Library Resources and Technical Services, Vol. 53 No. 3, pp. 174\u2010184.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b20","DOI":"10.5860\/lrts.53n3.174"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rorissa, A. (2010), \u201cA comparative study of Flickr tags and index terms in a general image collection\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 61 No. 11, pp. 2230\u20102242.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b21","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21401"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, S., Lam, S.K., Rashid, A.M., Cosley, D., Frankowski, D., Osterhouse, J., Harper, M. and Riedl, J. (2006) pp. 181\u2010190, \u201cTagging, communities, vocabulary, evolution\u201d, Proceedings of the 2006 20th Anniversary Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, ACM Press, New York, NY, pp. 181\u201090.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b22","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180904"},{"unstructured":"Spalding, T. (2007), \u201cWhen tags work and when they don't: Amazon and LibraryThing\u201d, Thingology Blog, available at: www.librarything.com\/thingology\/2007\/02\/when\u2010tags\u2010works\u2010and\u2010when\u2010they\u2010dont.php (accessed 30 December 2011).","key":"key2022021320263099700_b23"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiteri, L.F. (2007), \u201cStructure and form of folksonomy tags: the road to the public library\u201d, Webology, Vol. 2 No. 4.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b24","DOI":"10.6017\/ital.v26i3.3272"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stvilia, B. and J\u00f6rgensen, C. (2010), \u201cMember activities and quality of tags in a collection of historical photographs in Flickr\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 61 No. 12, pp. 2477\u20102489.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b25","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21432"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, M., Caudle, D.M. and Schmitz, C.M. (2009), \u201cTo tag or not to tag?\u201d, Library Hi Tech, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 411\u2010434.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b26","DOI":"10.1108\/07378830910988540"},{"unstructured":"Trant, J. (2008), \u201cTagging, folksonomy and art museums: results of steve.museum's research\u201d, available at: http:\/\/conference.archimuse.com\/files\/trantSteveResearchReport2008.pdf (accessed 8 August 2011).","key":"key2022021320263099700_b27"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, K. and Chan, L.M. (2009), \u201cLinking folksonomy to Library of Congress subject headings: an exploratory study\u201d, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 65 No. 6, pp. 872\u2010900.","key":"key2022021320263099700_b28","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410910998906"}],"container-title":["Online Information Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/OIR-05-2012-0086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/OIR-05-2012-0086\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/OIR-05-2012-0086\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:42:52Z","timestamp":1753396972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/oir\/article\/37\/4\/638-656\/314022"}},"subtitle":["A case study of CiteULike"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/OIR-05-2012-0086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/oir-05-2012-0086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1468-4527"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1468-4527"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]}}}