{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:29:53Z","timestamp":1784554193131,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OIR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB) and exposure to online hate material using samples of Finnish and American youth and young adults. The authors aim to identify socio-demographic determinants of SWB and the social ties prevalent both online and offline that may be relevant to the discussion of how hate material associates with well-being.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data are derived from online survey responses from both Finnish (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=555) and American (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=1,014) young people aged 15-30. The authors control for the possible effects of social trust, offline friendships, online victimisation and economic status, which have been found to associate with SWB in earlier studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings show a clear association that highlights the uniformity in how negatively intended material online affects young people, despite the inclusion of a cross-national comparison. The study confirms previous work concerning happiness and life satisfaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey used was not designed solely to address issues of SWB and as such a more targeted set of questions may have resulted in more in-depth data. Also, structural determinants of SWB, social spheres, and tie strength were analysed through proxy measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings concerning new variables linked to well-being and victimization in the cross-national context provide a new point of reference in terms of online hate being associated with happiness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors consider a number of descriptive characteristics, determining the relationship between these variables and participants\u2019 happiness. Through this cross-national data set, new comparisons were made possible between internet users of both countries. The study combines many earlier findings with new variables and theoretical frameworks to add new perspectives to the understanding of how well-being is affected online among young people.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/oir-05-2016-0133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T07:14:56Z","timestamp":1512026096000},"page":"2-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Exposure to online hate material and subjective well-being"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Teo","family":"Keipi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atte","family":"Oksanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hawdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"N\u00e4si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2020093016083971000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2012.00788.x","article-title":"Social networking site use predicts changes in young adults\u2019 psychological adjustment","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020093016083971000_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00366","article-title":"Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature","volume":"12","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020093016083971000_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcn004","article-title":"Social trust and fractionalization: a possible reinterpretation","volume":"24","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Sociological Review"},{"key":"key2020093016083971000_ref008","volume-title":"Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations","year":"1967"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020093016083971000_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2011.576195","article-title":"The rise of hate speech and hate crime laws in liberal democracies","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"key":"key2020093016083971000_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2010.00717.x","article-title":"Older and newer media: patterns of use and effects on adolescents\u2019 health and well-being","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"key2020093016083971000_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.08.009","article-title":"Mining communities and their relationships in blogs: a study of hate groups","volume":"65","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"key2020093016083971000_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2010.539243","article-title":"The use of online social networking by rural youth and its effects on community attachment","volume":"14","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020093016083971000_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006831107052","article-title":"The second approximation to an international standard for life satisfaction","volume":"43","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020093016083971000_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.701655","article-title":"Exploring young people\u2019s use of social networking sites and digital media in the internet safety context","volume":"16","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020093016083971000_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122411420817","article-title":"How general is trust in \u2018most people\u2019? 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