{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:37:24Z","timestamp":1774640244037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined how antipathy toward mainstream news media led to citizens\u2019 belief in misinformation through passive news consumption \u2013 the habit of not actively seeking news but waiting to encounter it incidentally. This study focused on three types of media antipathy \u2013 distrust, cynicism and indifference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected three-wave panel survey data before and after the 2022 Korean presidential election. To test whether distrust, cynicism and indifference are separate dimensions, we compared two competing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models. We conducted OLS regression analyses to examine the different patterns of distrust, cynicism and indifference by individuals\u2019 demographic and political factors and the relationship between antipathy and passive news consumption habits. To determine how antipathy toward mainstream media was associated with misinformation belief via passive news consumption habits, a bootstrapping test was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that distrust, cynicism and indifference are distinctive attitudes toward the mainstream news media, predicted by different demographic and political factors. Among them, cynicism and indifference were positively associated with passive news consumption habits, which, in turn, increased belief in misinformation. In contrast, distrust was negatively associated with passive news consumption, which, in turn, decreased belief in misinformation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study adds to previous research on the public\u2019s attitudes toward news media by elucidating how distrust, cynicism and indifference exert distinctive influences on citizens\u2019 news consumption and belief in political misinformation. This study highlights the necessity to further explore the multi-dimensionality of media antipathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/oir-09-2024-0584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T01:06:39Z","timestamp":1745543199000},"page":"1080-1097","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distinct roles of distrust, cynicism and indifference: investigating how antipathy toward news media increases misinformation belief through passive news consumption"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-3401","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jihyang","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Communication and Media, Ewha Womans University , ,","place":["Seoul, South Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2471-8079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sangwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media and Communication, Korea University , ,","place":["Seoul, South Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Mo","family":"Jones-Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Department, Boston College , , ,","place":["Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myojung","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism, Northeastern University \u2013 Boston Campus , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuri","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moon Soul Graduate School of Future Strategy, KAIST , ,","place":["Daejeon, South Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025091120563784200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-005-9002-1","article-title":"The political consequences of alienation-based and indifference-based voter abstention: applications to presidential elections","volume":"28","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Political Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025091120563784200_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-03-2024-0138","article-title":"The effects of disinformation among citizens of in Spain, UK and Germany: digital platforms, topics, consequences and influence of sociodemographic factors","volume":"48","author":"Alonso-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091120563784200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2017.1316329","article-title":"The new personal influence: how our Facebook friends influence the news we read","volume":"34","author":"Anspach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Political Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091120563784200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2015.1045149","article-title":"Political news in the news feed: learning politics from social media","volume":"19","author":"Bode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mass Communication and Society"},{"key":"2025091120563784200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107173","article-title":"Incidental news exposure and COVID-19 misperceptions: a moderated-mediation model","volume":"129","author":"Borah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2025091120563784200_ref006","unstructured":"Brenan, M.\n           (2021a), \u201cAmericans\u2019 trust in media dips to second lowest on record\u201d, Gallup, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/355526\/americans-trust-media-dips-second-lowest-record.aspx (accessed\u00a015 September 2024)."},{"key":"2025091120563784200_ref007","unstructured":"Brenan, M.\n           (2021b), \u201cAmericans\u2019 trust in government remains low\u201d, Gallup, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/355124\/americans-trust-government-remains-low.aspx (accessed\u00a015 September 2024)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091120563784200_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-028","article-title":"The causes and consequences of COVID-19 misperceptions: understanding the role of news and social media","volume":"1","author":"Bridgman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"},{"key":"2025091120563784200_ref009","volume-title":"Structural Equation\u00a0Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming","author":"Byrne","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025091120563784200_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195090635.001.0001","volume-title":"Spiral of Cynicism: the Press and the Public Good","author":"Cappella","year":"1997"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091120563784200_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.2015.20","article-title":"Internet, news, and political trust: the difference between social media and online media outlets","volume":"20","author":"Ceron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"2025091120563784200_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.06.022","article-title":"Not just numbers: the role of social media metrics in online news evaluations","volume":"75","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091120563784200_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-019-09533-0","article-title":"Real solutions for fake news? 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