{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T01:28:26Z","timestamp":1781573306490,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473638400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OIR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Social networking sites (SNS) increasingly serve as a source of political content for Americans. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationships between types of political content exposure, especially congruent vs incongruent content, and its effects on political expression and participation. This study pays special attention to whether these relationships differ depending on whether an individual affiliates with the Republican or Democratic party.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study uses a representative national sample to examine the relationships among exposure to congruent vs incongruent political content via SNS, political expression, and political participation. This study also tests whether these relationships are consistent for Democrats vs Republicans.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results suggest the effects of political content exposure on political expression on SNS depend on how many friends post about politics, as well as whether that content is congruent or incongruent with one\u2019s political beliefs. Moreover, the relationship between exposure to congruent vs incongruent content, political expression, and political participation differs for Republicans and Democrats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study highlights the need for researchers to take more care in distinguishing the type of and the audience for political content exposure via social media websites. Further, if the relationships between seeing political content via social media and acting upon such content \u2013 either through posting behaviors or participatory activities \u2013 differs by political group, it raises the potential for disparities in democratic engagement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/oir-10-2015-0345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T08:58:13Z","timestamp":1472806693000},"page":"595-609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Party differences in political content on social media"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Vraga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"6239","key":"key2020121303022722500_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1160","article-title":"Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook","volume":"348","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121303022722500_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439314526559","article-title":"Digital media and political participation: the moderating role of political interest across acts and over time","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121303022722500_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2015.1045149","article-title":"Political news in the news feed: learning politics from social media","volume":"19","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mass Communication and Society"},{"key":"key2020121303022722500_ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Politics in 140 characters or less: campaign communication, network interaction, and political participation on Twitter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Political Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020121303022722500_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12048","article-title":"A new space for political behavior: political social networking and its democratic consequences","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020121303022722500_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2012.693568","article-title":"Hearing and talking to the other side: antecedents of cross-cutting exposure in adolescents","volume":"16","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mass Communication and Society"},{"key":"key2020121303022722500_ref006","unstructured":"Boyd, D. 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