{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:30:39Z","timestamp":1772159439381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OIR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Partisan news media, which often publish extremely biased, one-sided or even false news, are gaining popularity world-wide and represent a major societal issue. Due to a growing number of such media, a need for automatic detection approaches is of high demand. Automatic detection relies on various indicators (e.g. content characteristics) to identify new partisan media candidates and to predict their level of partisanship. The aim of the research is to investigate to a deeper extent whether it would be appropriate to rely on the hyperlinks as possible indicators for better automatic partisan news media detection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n The authors utilized hyperlink network analysis to study the hyperlinks of partisan and mainstream media. The dataset involved the hyperlinks of 18 mainstream media and 15 partisan media in Slovakia and Czech Republic. More than 171 million domain pairs of inbound and outbound hyperlinks of selected online news media were collected with Ahrefs tool, analyzed and visualized with Gephi software. Additionally, 300 articles covering COVID-19 from both types of media were selected for content analysis of hyperlinks to verify the reliability of quantitative analysis and to provide more detailed analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n The authors conclude that hyperlinks are reliable indicators of media affinity and linking patterns could contribute to partisan news detection. The authors found out that especially the incoming links with dofollow attribute to news websites are reliable indicators for assessing the type of media, as partisan media rarely receive links with dofollow attribute from mainstream media. The outgoing links are not such reliable indicators as both mainstream and partisan media link to mainstream sources similarly.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n In contrast to the extensive amount of research aiming at fake news detection within a piece of text or multimedia content (e.g. news articles, social media posts), the authors shift to characterization of the whole news media. In addition, the authors did a geographical shift from more researched US-based media to so far under-researched European context, particularly Central Europe. The results and conclusions can serve as a guide how to derive new features for an automatic detection of possibly partisan news media by means of artificial intelligence (AI).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Peer review<\/jats:title>\n \n The peer review history for this article is available at the following link:\n https:\/\/publons.com\/publon\/10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/oir-10-2020-0441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T12:02:58Z","timestamp":1638446578000},"page":"954-973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantitative and qualitative analysis of linking patterns of mainstream and partisan online news media in Central Europe"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Hrckova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3052-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3511-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Srba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bielikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211","article-title":"Social media and fake news in the 2016 election","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.404","article-title":"We can detect your bias: predicting the political ideology of news articles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1389","article-title":"Predicting factuality of reporting and bias of news media sources","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.308","article-title":"What was written vs. who read it: news media profiling using text analysis and social media context","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188725","article-title":"Illuminating an ecosystem of partisan websites","year":"2018"},{"issue":"14","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20077","article-title":"Toward a basic framework for webometrics","volume":"55","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188727","article-title":"A content management perspective on fact-checking","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1145\/3366424.3385772","article-title":"Proactive discovery of fake news domains from real-time social media feeds","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.107050","article-title":"Advanced machine learning techniques for fake news (online disinformation) detection: a systematic mapping study","volume":"101","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2012.667273","article-title":"The journalistic hyperlink: prescriptive discourses about linking in online news","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journalism Practice"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316741","article-title":"Differences in health news from reliable and unreliable media","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3133147","article-title":"Geographic and temporal trends in fake news consumption during the 2016\u00a0US presidential election","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380211102","article-title":"Graph drawing by force-directed placement","volume":"21","year":"1991","journal-title":"Software: Practice and Experience"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3393880","article-title":"The future of false information detection on social media: new perspectives and trends","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref014","volume-title":"Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2010.499050","article-title":"The international network structure of news media: an analysis of hyperlinks usage in news web sites","volume":"54","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref016","first-page":"421","article-title":"Unravelling the basic concepts and intents of misbehavior in post-truth society","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bibliotecas, Anales de Investigacion"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00063.x","article-title":"Assessing the structure of communication on the world wide web","volume":"3","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5430","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.474","article-title":"Explainable automated fact-checking: a survey","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref019","volume-title":"Optimaliz\u00e1cia webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nok pre vyh\u013ead\u00e1vacie n\u00e1stroje","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188733","article-title":"From alt-right to alt-rechts: Twitter analysis of the 2017 German federal election","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref021","unstructured":"Nakov, P., Sencar, H.T., An, J. and Kwak, H. (2021), \u201cA survey on predicting the factuality and the bias of news media\u201d, available at: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.12506."},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref022","first-page":"3546","article-title":"Intermedia reliance and sustainability of emergent media: a large-scale analysis of American news outlets' external linking behaviors","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-007-9109-z","article-title":"Link analysis: hyperlink patterns and social structure on politicians' web sites in South Korea","volume":"42","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_bib32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monitoring Media Pluralism in the Digital Era: Application of the Media Pluralism Monitor 2020 in the European Union, Albania and Turkey in the Years 2018-2019, Country report"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_bib33","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monitoring Media Pluralism in the Digital Era: Application of the Media Pluralism Monitor 2020 in the European Union, Albania and Turkey in the Years 2018-2019, Country report"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.17356\/ieejsp.v1i1.30","article-title":"Mainstream or an alternate universe? Locating and analysing the radical right media products in the Hungarian media network","volume":"1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intersections East European Journal of Society and Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.2017.14505401046","article-title":"Human values and trust in scientific journals, the mainstream media and fake news","volume":"54","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6380","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key2022081600074335500_ref027","unstructured":"Zeifman, I. and Breslaw, D. (2017), \u201cA closer look at the most active good bots\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/blog\/most-active-good-bots\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022081600074335500_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3395046","article-title":"A survey of fake news: fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"}],"container-title":["Online Information Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:44:05Z","timestamp":1753397045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/oir\/article\/46\/5\/954-973\/315090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/oir-10-2020-0441","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1108\/OIR-10-2020-0441\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1468-4527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1468-4527","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]}}}