{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T16:33:28Z","timestamp":1792773208786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Emerald","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to examine the association between specific nurse manager leadership behaviors and the job satisfaction levels of registered nurses in Trinidad.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quantitative, descriptive correlational design was employed. A convenience sample of 100 registered nurses from two major public hospitals completed an online survey incorporating the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ\u2013XII) and a researcher-developed Job Satisfaction Scale (Cronbach\u2019s a\u2009=\u20090.835). Data were analyzed using Spearman\u2019s rho correlations and Chi-square tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Behaviors reflecting Consideration (relationship-orientation) were significantly and positively correlated with satisfaction (r\u2009=\u20090.341, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). However, the prevalent leadership approach was perceived as high in Initiating Structure (task-orientation) but deficient in relational support. This behavioral imbalance was associated with high levels of nurse dissatisfaction, particularly regarding the work environment (78 % disagreement).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthcare organizations may consider viewing leadership not as an isolated solution, but as an organizational resource embedded within broader work environment strategies. While competency-based training in relational behaviors (such as active listening and constructive feedback) and balanced promotion criteria may support nurse managers, sustainable improvements in job satisfaction and retention likely require multi-pronged initiatives that concurrently address staffing adequacy, operational workloads and the escalating complexity of clinical care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>First empirical evidence linking specific managerial behaviors to nurse satisfaction in Trinidad and Tobago. Moving beyond broad leadership styles, it utilizes the LBDQ-XII to identify a specific behavioral imbalance, high task-orientation versus low relational support, as a primary factor associated with workforce dissatisfaction in the Caribbean context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/lhs-02-2026-0043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T14:33:44Z","timestamp":1792766024000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["More than a style: the association between managerial behaviors and nurse job satisfaction in Trinidad"],"prefix":"10.1108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2460-8753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanna","family":"Roberts-John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of the West Indies at St Augustine The UWI School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, , Saint Augustine,","place":["Trinidad and Tobago"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, , , New York,","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar Noel","family":"Ocho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of the West Indies at St Augustine The UWI School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, , Saint Augustine,","place":["Trinidad And Tobago"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026102310333814800_ref001","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 reports of working conditions and hospital quality of care in 12 countries in Europe","volume":"50","author":"Aiken","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102310333814800_ref002","first-page":"209","article-title":"The impact of leadership styles on nurses\u2019 satisfaction: a review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Alhamwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102310333814800_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00005110-200406000-00007","article-title":"Measuring nurse job satisfaction","volume":"34","author":"Best","year":"2004","journal-title":"JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102310333814800_ref004","first-page":"33","article-title":"The role of leadership styles in shaping employees\u2019 motivation","volume":"12","author":"Bisetegen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102310333814800_ref005","first-page":"4015","article-title":"Exploring the impact of medical complexity on nursing complexity of care in paediatric patients: a retrospective observational study","volume":"33","author":"Cesare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102310333814800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep16010028","article-title":"Stop silencing nursing complexity: why standardized nursing terminologies must be heard","volume":"16","author":"Cesare","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nursing Reports"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2026.07.002","article-title":"Variability of nursing complexity within medically homogeneous diagnosis-related groups: a retrospective analysis of pediatric electronic health records","volume":"90","author":"Cesare","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102310333814800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13111339","article-title":"Ranking nursing diagnoses by predictive relevance for intensive care unit transfer risk in adult and pediatric patients: a machine learning approach with random forest","volume":"13","author":"Cesare","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102310333814800_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep15040135","article-title":"Nursing complexity and health literacy as determinants of patient outcomes: a prospective one-year multicenter cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Cocchieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nursing Reports"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2026.103986","article-title":"How frailty and nursing complexity interact and prolong hospital stays in heart failure patients: a retrospective multicentric observational study","volume":"69","author":"Cocchieri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Geriatric Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102310333814800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-026-04806-6","article-title":"Hidden nursing complexity within diagnosis-related groups (DRGs): a one-year retrospective study of standardized nursing diagnoses and actions among adult hospitalizations in Italy","volume":"25","author":"Cocchieri","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Nursing"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102310333814800_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2007.16.11.23681","article-title":"Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: quantitative research","volume":"16","author":"Coughlan","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Nursing"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref013","first-page":"e03201","article-title":"Leadership and nursing work satisfaction: an integrative review","volume":"51","author":"De Moura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref014","unstructured":"De Souza, J.\n           (2021), \u201c100 Nurses resign, seek overseas jobs amid pandemic\u201d, Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, December 26."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102310333814800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1108\/RAMJ-07-2022-0108","article-title":"Assessing the influence of effective leadership on job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour","volume":"17","author":"Dubey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rajagiri Management Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102310333814800_ref016","first-page":"390","article-title":"The relationship between leadership style and job satisfaction of nurses","volume":"2","author":"Goudarzian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Biology and Today\u2019s World"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref017","volume-title":"Recover to Rebuild: Investing in the Nursing Workforce for Health System Effectiveness","author":"International Council of Nurses (ICN)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102310333814800_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730510617654","article-title":"Transformational leadership and outcomes: Role of relationship duration","volume":"26","author":"Krishnan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leadership and Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102310333814800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w669","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.4.w669","article-title":"Nursing: a key to patient satisfaction","volume":"28","author":"Kutney-Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102310333814800_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.13050","article-title":"Predictors of nurses\u2019 job satisfaction in home care settings: findings from the AIDOMUS-IT study","volume":"57","author":"Marcomini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102310333814800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3182763284","article-title":"Hospital nursing and 30-day readmissions among medicare patients with heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and pneumonia","volume":"51","author":"McHugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref022","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Trinidad and Tobago\n           (2024), \u201cAbout Us\u201d, available at:Link to the website of health."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102310333814800_ref023","first-page":"27","article-title":"Socio-economic factors and job satisfaction among public health care registered nurses in Trinidad And Tobago","volume":"4","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Social Research"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref024","volume-title":"Leadership: Theory and Practice","author":"Northouse","year":"2016","edition":"7th ed."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102310333814800_ref025","first-page":"1388","article-title":"Motivational factors and techniques at the workplace: perspectives of nurses in two major hospitals in Trinidad","volume":"6","author":"Onuoha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref026","volume-title":"Health Systems Profile: Trinidad and Tobago","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2008","edition":"3rd ed.,"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref027","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization\n           (2020), Health worker perception and migration in the Caribbean region."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102310333814800_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref029","article-title":"Caribbean nurse turnover: a scoping review","author":"Rolle Sands","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Student Scholarship"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref030","first-page":"53","article-title":"Turnover among nurses working in the Caribbean: a description of a protocol for an upcoming scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Rolle Sands","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Student Scholarship"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref031","volume-title":"Manual for the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire\u2013Form XII","author":"Stogdill","year":"1963"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref032","article-title":"The real issues driving the nursing crisis","author":"Sull","year":"2023","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref033","article-title":"&T nurses still leaving for opportunities abroad","author":"Trinidad and Tobago Guardian","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102310333814800_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II57","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000109126.50398.5a","article-title":"Nurse burnout and patient satisfaction","volume":"42","author":"Vahey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"2026102310333814800_ref035","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Transitions in Nursing","author":"Weston","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Leadership in Health Services"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/lhs\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1108\/LHS-02-2026-0043\/11928733\/lhs-02-2026-0043en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/lhs\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1108\/LHS-02-2026-0043\/11928733\/lhs-02-2026-0043en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T14:33:48Z","timestamp":1792766028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/lhs\/article\/doi\/10.1108\/LHS-02-2026-0043\/1404348\/More-than-a-style-the-association-between"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/lhs-02-2026-0043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-1879","1751-1887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-1879","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-1887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]}}}