{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T23:10:48Z","timestamp":1770505848240,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]],"date-time":"2012-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to develop a new model of stakeholder classification and a model for explaining the relationship between the organization and its respective stakeholders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new proposed model is based on an empirical study that comprises an exploratory study based on 15 interviews and a confirmatory study based on 684 questionnaires answered by staff of 11 public universities. The main variable deployed is the stakeholder's respective level of influence from the organization's management perspective, that is, their level of legitimacy, power and urgency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new model proposes six stakeholder types (regulator, controller, partner, passive, dependent and non\u2010stakeholder). To explain the relationship between the stakeholder and the organization, the traditional needs\u2010satisfaction vision was expanded. The variables of relevance, mutual influence and participation were found to be important in explaining the organization and stakeholder relationship. This study contributes both in simplifying stakeholder classification and in explaining the relationships between parties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study proposes a new model for stakeholder classification based on empirical research carried out with public organizations, therefore it is advisable to test this new classification scheme with other types of organizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research proposes a stakeholder classification scheme previously unpublished in the literature, which helps organizations managing the relationships with their stakeholders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741211279648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,22]],"date-time":"2012-11-22T04:56:30Z","timestamp":1353560190000},"page":"1861-1879","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["A model for stakeholder classification and stakeholder relationships"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Emerson","family":"Wagner Mainardes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaltonen, K., Jaakko, K. and Tuomas, O. (2008), \u201cStakeholders salience in global projects\u201d, International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 509\u201016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2008.05.004"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, R. and Helfat, C. (2009), \u201cStrategic renewal of organizations\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 20, pp. 281\u201093.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1090.0423"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agle, B., Mitchell, R. and Sonnenfeld, J. (1999), \u201cWho matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42 No. 5, pp. 507\u201025.","DOI":"10.2307\/256973"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almazan, A., Suarez, J. and Titman, S. (2009), \u201cFirms' stakeholders and the costs of transparency\u201d, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 871\u2010900.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9134.2009.00232.x"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriof, J., Husted, B., Waddock, S. and Sutherland\u2010Rahman, S. (2002), Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking, Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield.","DOI":"10.9774\/GLEAF.4700.2002.su.00004"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argando\u00f1a, A. (1998), \u201cThe stakeholder theory and the common good\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 1093\u2010102.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006075517423"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asher, C., Mahoney, J. and Mahoney, J. (2005), \u201cTowards a property rights foundation for a stakeholder theory of the firm\u201d, Journal of Management and Governance, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 5\u201032.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10997-005-1570-2"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b7","unstructured":"Baldwin, L. (2002), \u201cTotal quality management in higher education: the implications of internal and external stakeholders' perceptions\u201d, PhD thesis, Graduate School in Business Administration, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, D. (2001), \u201cPrivate politics, corporate social responsibility, and integrated strategy\u201d, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 7\u201045.","DOI":"10.1162\/105864001300122548"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, D. (2009), \u201cA positive theory of moral management, social pressure, and corporate social performance\u201d, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 7\u201043.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9134.2009.00206.x"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, D. and Diermeier, D. (2007), \u201cStrategic activism and nonmarket strategy\u201d, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 599\u2010634.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9134.2007.00152.x"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosse, D., Phillips, R. and Harrison, J. (2009), \u201cStakeholders, reciprocity, and firm performance\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 447\u201056.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.743"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourne, L. and Walker, D. (2005), \u201cVisualizing and mapping stakeholder influence\u201d, Management Decision, Vol. 43 Nos 5\/6, pp. 649\u201060.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740510597680"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterji, A., Levine, D. and Toffel, M. (2009), \u201cHow well do social ratings actually measure corporate social responsibility?\u201d, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 125\u201069.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9134.2009.00210.x"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, T. (2005), \u201cAccounting for Enron: shareholder value and stakeholder interests\u201d, Corporate Governance \u2013 An International Review, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 598\u2010612.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2005.00454.x"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b16","unstructured":"Clarkson, M. (1994), \u201cA risk based model of stakeholder theory\u201d, Proceedings of the Second Toronto Conference on Stakeholder Theory: Centre for Corporate Social Performance and Ethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, April."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarkson, M. (1995), \u201cA stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 92\u2010117.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1995.9503271994"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clement, R. (2005), \u201cThe lessons from stakeholder theory for US business leaders\u201d, Business Horizons, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 255\u201064.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2004.11.003"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, E., Kee, J. and Newcomer, K. (2010), \u201cStrategic transformation process: toward purpose, people, process and power\u201d, Organization Management Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 66\u201080.","DOI":"10.1057\/omj.2010.6"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delmar, F. and Shane, S. (2006), \u201cDoes experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and sales of newly founded ventures\u201d, Strategic Organization, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 215\u201047.","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127006066596"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai, V. (2008), \u201cConstrained growth: how experience, legitimacy, and age influence risk taking in organizations\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 19, pp. 594\u2010608.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1070.0335"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donaldson, T. and Preston, L. (1995), \u201cThe stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence and implications\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 65\u201091.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1995.9503271992"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b23","unstructured":"Etzioni, A. (1964), Modern Organizations, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassin, Y. (2008), \u201cImperfections and shortcomings of the stakeholder model's graphical representation\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 80 No. 1, pp. 879\u201088.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-007-9474-5"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassin, Y. (2009), \u201cThe stakeholder model refined\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 84 No. 1, pp. 113\u201035.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-008-9677-4"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forray, J. and Goodnight, J. (2010), \u201cThink global, act local: a methodology for investigating international business curriculum priorities using stakeholder feedback\u201d, Organization Management Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 56\u201064.","DOI":"10.1057\/omj.2010.3"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b27","unstructured":"Freeman, R. (1984), Strategic Management: A Stakeholder's Approach, Pitman, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, R. and Liedtka, J. (1997), \u201cStakeholder capitalism and the value chain\u201d, European Management Journal, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 286\u201096.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-2373(97)00008-X"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, A. and Miles, S. (2006), Stakeholders: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199269860.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frooman, J. (1999), \u201cStakeholders influence strategies\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 191\u2010205.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1999.1893928"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, K. (2000), \u201cThe moral basis of stakeholder theory\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 245\u201057.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006110106408"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodpaster, K. (1991), \u201cBusiness ethics and stakeholder analysis\u201d, Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 53\u201073.","DOI":"10.2307\/3857592"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b33","unstructured":"Hair, J. Jr, Babin, B., Money, A. and Samouel, P. (2003), Essentials of Business Research Methods, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b34","unstructured":"Hair, J. Jr, Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. and Tatham, R. (2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, J., Bosse, D. and Phillips, R. (2010), \u201cManaging for stakeholders, stakeholder utility functions, and competitive advantage\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 58\u201074.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.801"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helm, R. and Mauroner, O. (2007), \u201cSuccess of research\u2010based spin\u2010offs. State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art and guidelines for further research\u201d, Review of Managerial Science, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 237\u201070.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-007-0010-x"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b37","unstructured":"Hill, C. and Jones, T. (1998), Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, P. and Morris, M. (2010), \u201cImmoral but not illegal: monies vs mores amid the mortgage meltdown\u201d, Strategic Organization, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 69\u201074.","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127009355826"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, T. and Wicks, A. (1999), \u201cConvergent stakeholder theory\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 206\u201021.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1999.1893929"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julian, S., Ofori\u2010Dankwa, J. and Justis, R. (2008), \u201cUnderstanding strategic responses to interest group pressures\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 29 No. 9, pp. 963\u201084.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.698"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamann, D. (2007), \u201cOrganizational design in public procurement: a stakeholder's approach\u201d, Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 127\u201036.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pursup.2007.05.002"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Key, S. (1999), \u201cToward a new theory of the firm: a critique of stakeholder \u2018theory\u2019\u201d, Management Decision, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 317\u201036.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251749910269366"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, B., Felin, T. and Whetten, D. (2010), \u201cFinding the organization in organizational theory: a meta\u2010theory of the organization as a social actor\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 21, pp. 290\u2010305.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1090.0443"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laffont, J. and Martimort, D. (1997), \u201cThe firm as a multicontract organization\u201d, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 201\u201034.","DOI":"10.1162\/105864097567084"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamberg, J., Pajunen, K., Kalle, P. and Savage, G. (2008), \u201cStakeholder management and path dependence in organizational transitions\u201d, Management Decision, Vol. 46 No. 6, pp. 846\u201063.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740810882635"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, C., Egri, C. and Ralston, D. (2008), \u201cCommitment to corporate, social, and environmental responsibilities: an insight into contrasting perspectives in China and the US\u201d, Organization Management Journal, No. 5, pp. 83\u201098.","DOI":"10.1057\/omj.2008.10"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magness, V. (2008), \u201cWho are the stakeholders now? an empirical examination of the Mitchell, Agle and Wood theory of stakeholder salience\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 177\u201092.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-007-9610-2"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mainardes, E.W., Alves, H. and Raposo, M. (2011), \u201cStakeholder theory: issues to resolve\u201d, Management Decision, Vol. 49 No. 2, pp. 226\u201052.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741111109133"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b48","unstructured":"Malhotra, N. (1999), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantere, S. (2005), \u201cStrategic practices as enablers and disablers of championing activity\u201d, Strategic Organization, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 157\u201084.","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127005052208"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metcalfe, C. (1998), \u201cThe stakeholder corporation\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 30\u20106.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8608.00083"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, R., Agle, B. and Wood, D. (1997), \u201cToward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 853\u20108.","DOI":"10.2307\/259247"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neville, B., Bell, S. and Whitwell, G. (2004), \u201cStakeholder salience revisited: toward an action tool for the management of stakeholders\u201d, Academy of Management Best Conference Paper, SIM D1\u2010D5, Montreal, July.","DOI":"10.5465\/ambpp.2004.13857458"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Higgins, E. and Morgan, J. (2006), \u201cStakeholder salience and engagement in political organizations: who and what really counts?\u201d, Society & Business Review, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 62\u201076.","DOI":"10.1108\/17465680610643355"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b54","unstructured":"Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G. (1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, Harper and Row, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, R., Berman, S., Elms, H. and Johnson\u2010Cramer, M. (2010), \u201cStrategy, stakeholders and managerial discretion\u201d, Strategic Organization, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 176\u201083.","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127010365721"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polonsky, M. (1995), \u201cA stakeholder theory approach to designing environmental marketing strategy\u201d, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 29\u201037.","DOI":"10.1108\/08858629510096201"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polonsky, M. (1996), \u201cStakeholder management and the stakeholder matrix: potential strategic marketing tools\u201d, Journal of Marketing\u2010Focused Management, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 209\u201029.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00190039"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, J., Preston, L. and Sachs, S. (2002), \u201cManaging the extended enterprise: the new stakeholder view\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 6\u201028.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166151"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowley, T. (1997), \u201cMoving beyond dyadic ties: a network theory of stakeholder influences\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 887\u2010910.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1997.9711022107"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b60","unstructured":"Savage, G., Dunkin, J. and Ford, D. (2004), \u201cResponding to a crisis: a stakeholder analysis of community health organizations\u201d, Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 383\u2010414."},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savage, G., Nix, T., Whitehead, C. and Blair, J. (1991), \u201cStrategies for assessing and managing organizational stakeholders\u201d, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 61\u201075.","DOI":"10.5465\/ame.1991.4274682"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholes, E. and Clutterbuck, D. (1998), \u201cCommunication with stakeholders: an integrated approach\u201d, Long Range Planning, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 227\u201038.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(98)00007-7"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz, M. and Hatch, M. (2005), \u201cBuilding theory from practice\u201d, Strategic Organization, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 337\u201047.","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127005055795"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, S. and Lane, V. (2000), \u201cA stakeholder approach to organizational identity\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 43\u201062.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2000.2791602"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrivastava, P. and Berger, S. (2010), \u201cSustainability principles: a review and directions\u201d, Organization Management Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 246\u201061.","DOI":"10.1057\/omj.2010.35"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczesny, A., Lenk, A. and Huang, T. (2008), \u201cSubstitution, availability and preferences in earnings management: empirical evidence from China\u201d, Review of Managerial Science, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 129\u201060.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-008-0018-x"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Choi, J. and Li, J. (2008), \u201cToo little or too much? Untangling the relationship between corporate philanthropy and firm financial performance\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 19, pp. 143\u201059.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1070.0271"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whetten, D. (1989), \u201cWhat constitutes a theoretical contribution?\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 490\u20105.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4308371"},{"key":"key2022031520331948900_frg11","unstructured":"Beach, S. (2009), \u201cWho or what decides how stakeholders are optimally engaged by governance networks delivering public outcomes?\u201d, Proceedings of the 13th International Research Society for Public Management Conference (IRSPM XIII), Copenhagen Business School, Fredericksberg, April."}],"container-title":["Management Decision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00251741211279648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00251741211279648\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00251741211279648\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:45:05Z","timestamp":1753400705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/md\/article\/50\/10\/1861-1879\/448643"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Domingo","family":"Ribeiro Soriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00251741211279648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00251741211279648","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-1747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-1747","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]]}}}