{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:36:14Z","timestamp":1768196174905,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>A failure mode called \u201cflank breakage\u201d is increasingly observed in cylindrical and bevel gears. Up to now, there was no calculation method available to determine the load\u2010carrying capacity related to flank breakage in bevel gears. Therefore, a research project was initiated to investigate the described failure mode in bevel gears and to develop a calculation method to predict the risk of flank breakage of such gears. The purpose of this paper is to describe this project.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presented research project contained: determination of the decisive influence parameters in experimental investigations with bevel gears; development of a model to explain flank breakage in bevel gears; and development of a calculation method and design rules to avoid flank breakage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>In systematic tests, the influenced parameters of flank breakage were investigated. Besides the load torque, especially the case depth and the core hardness turned out as decisive parameters. A higher sulfur concentration in the material does not seem to be critical. The analysis of damage patterns of test and practical gears showed that the initiating crack always started below the surface in the region of the transition from case to core. For unidirectional loading, the crack propagates to the active flank on the one side and to the tooth root on the other side. On the basis of these findings, a local and a simplified calculation method were developed to estimate the risk of flank breakage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the described calculation method, it is now possible to evaluate running gears according to their risk of flank breakage and design new gears with a sufficient safety factor to avoid this failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00368791111101786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]],"date-time":"2011-01-15T07:03:44Z","timestamp":1295075024000},"page":"5-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Theoretical and experimental investigations about flank breakage in bevel gears"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernd\u2010Robert","family":"H\u00f6hn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Michaelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Annast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b1","unstructured":"ANSI\/AGMA 2003\u2010B97 (1997), American National Standard: Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight Bevel, Zerol Bevel, and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth, ANSI\/AGMA 2003\u2010B97, Alexandria, VA."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b2","unstructured":"Baumann, V., B\u00e4r, G., Haase, A., Hutschreiter, B. and H\u00fcnecke, C. (1998), \u201cProgramm zur Berechnung der Zahnflanken \u2013 und Zahnfu\u00dfbeanspruchung an Kegelrad \u2013 und Hypoidgetrieben\u201d, Heft 548, Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik, eV, Frankfurt."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, W. (1967), \u201cBevel and hypoid gear surface durability: pitting and scuffing\u201d, Paper 13 of Proceedings, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 182, Gleason Works, Rochester, NY, pp. 1967\u20108, Part 3A.","DOI":"10.1243\/PIME_CONF_1967_182_018_02"},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b4","unstructured":"Dudley, D.W. and Winter, H. (1961), Zahnr\u00e4der \u2013 Berechnung, Entwurf und Herstellung nach amerikanischen Erfahrungen, Springer, Berlin."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkholy, A. (1983), \u201cCase depth requirements in carburized gears\u201d, Wear, Vol. 88, pp. S233\u201044.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(83)80011-8"},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b6","unstructured":"G\u00e4rtner, J. (1998), \u201cBetriebsverhalten hochbelasteter Kegelrads\u00e4tze in Traktoren\u201d, Berichtsband zur Tagung Innovationen rund ums Kegelrad, Aachen, 10\u201011.3."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b7","unstructured":"H\u00f6hn, B.\u2010R. and Oster, P. (1995), \u201cDer Flankenkontakt \u2013 ein elastohydrodynamischer W\u00e4lzkontakt\u201d, VDI\u2010Berichte Nr. 1207, VDI, D\u00fcsseldorf, pp. S93\u2010S106."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b8","unstructured":"MackAldener, M. (2001), \u201cTooth interior fatigue fracture and robustness of gears\u201d, dissertation, KTH, Stockholm."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b9","unstructured":"Oster, P. (1982), \u201cBeanspruchung der Zahnflanken unter Bedingungen d. Elastohydrodynamik\u201d, dissertation, TU M\u00fcnchen, M\u00fcnich."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pederson, R. and Rice, R.L. (1961), \u201cCase crushing of carburized and hardened gears\u201d, SAE Transactions, SAE Transactions, Warrendale, PA, pp. S360\u201070.","DOI":"10.4271\/610034"},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b11","unstructured":"Sandberg, E. (1981), \u201cA calculation method for subsurface fatigue\u201d, International Symposium on Gearing and Power Transmissions, Tokyo, Vol. 1, pp. S429\u201034."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b12","unstructured":"Schilling, M. (1985), \u201cReferenz\u00f6le f\u00fcr W\u00e4lz \u2013 und Gleitlager, Zahnrad \u2013 und Kupplungsversuch\u201d, FVA\u2010Heft Nr. 180, Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik eV, Frankfurt."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b13","unstructured":"Sharma, V.K., Breen, D.H. and Walter, G.H. 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(2001), \u201cZur Gr\u00fcbchen \u2013 und Zahnfu\u00dftragf\u00e4higkeit einsatzgeh\u00e4rteter Zahnr\u00e4der \u2013 Einfl\u00fcsse aus Einsatzh\u00e4rtungstiefe, W\u00e4rmebehandlung und Fertigung bei unterschiedlicher Baugr\u00f6\u00dfe\u201d, dissertation, TU M\u00fcnchen."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_b16","unstructured":"ZF\u2010Norm 201 (1990), Zahnradsch\u00e4den, ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Friedrichshafen, Juni."},{"key":"key2022013020223708500_frd1","unstructured":"Buderus (2002), Edelbaustahl \u2013 Lagerprogramm, Eigenschaften und Anwendung, Firmenschrift der Edelstahlwerke Buderus AG, Wetzlar."}],"container-title":["Industrial Lubrication and Tribology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00368791111101786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00368791111101786\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00368791111101786\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:58:48Z","timestamp":1753401528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ilt\/article\/63\/1\/5-10\/174003"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Seabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00368791111101786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00368791111101786","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8792","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]}}}