{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T03:04:37Z","timestamp":1773543877915,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to get a better understanding of roughness evolution and micropitting initiation on the tooth flank, as well as the evolution of surface topography during the test load stages in a modified DGMK short micropitting test procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A modified DGMK short micropitting test procedure was performed, using an increased number of surface observations (three times more) in order to understand the evolution of the surface during each load stage performed. Each of these surface observations consists in the evaluation of surface roughness, surface topography, visual inspection and also weigh measurements as well as lubricant analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work showed that the larger modifications on surface took place in the beginning of tests, especially during load stage K3 (lowest load, considered as running\u2010in) and on the first period of load stage K6, that is, during the first 200,000 cycles of the test. The 3D roughness parameters (St and Sv), obtained from the surface topographies, gave a more precise indication about surface roughness evolution and micropitting generation than the 2D parameters, especially in what concerns to inferring the depth of micropits and the reduction of roughness. Tooth flank topography allows to identify local changes on the surface and the appearance of first micropits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work was performed with gears holding a high surface roughness and with a ester\u2010based lubricant. It was interesting to see the differences observed for surface evolution, for other base oils and also for gears with lower roughness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main implication of this work is the understanding that major changes in the surface took place in the first cycles, indicating that the running\u2010in procedure could be very important for the surface fatigue life. This work also showed that micropitting depends on local contact conditions. Depending on the roughness of the counter surface, micropitting can appear on the bottom of the deep valleys and\/or do not appear on the tip of the roughness peaks. The surface topography, and implicitly 3D roughness parameters, is very useful for the observation of surface evolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper shows in detail the evolution of the tooth surface during a micropitting test. The micropits generation and evolution and also surface wear evolution are presented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00368791111101821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,15]],"date-time":"2011-01-15T07:03:39Z","timestamp":1295075019000},"page":"34-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evolution of tooth flank roughness during gear micropitting tests"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoine, F. and Besson, J.M. (2002), \u201cSimplified modellization of gear micropitting\u201d, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part G\u2010Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 216, pp. 291\u2010302.","DOI":"10.1243\/095441002321029035"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o, J.A., Seabra, J.H.O. and Castro, J. (2010a), \u201cSurface initiated tooth flank damage: Part I: numerical model\u201d, Wear, Vol. 268, pp. 1\u201012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2009.06.020"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o, J.A., Seabra, J.H.O. and Castro, J. (2010b), \u201cSurface initiated tooth flank damage: Part II: prediction of micropitting initiation and mass loss\u201d, Wear, Vol. 268, pp. 13\u201022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2009.07.020"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brechot, P., Cardis, A.B., Murphy, W.R. and Theissen, J. (2000), \u201cMicropitting resistant industrial gear oils with balanced performance\u201d, Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 52, pp. 125\u201036.","DOI":"10.1108\/00368790010371762"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b5","unstructured":"Cardis, A.B. and Webster, M.N. (2000), \u201cGear oil micropitting evaluation\u201d, Gear Technology, Vol. 17, pp. 30\u20105."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, N.F.R., Martins, R.C., Seabra, J.H.O., Igartua, A., Rodr\u00edguez, J.C. and Luther, R. (2009), \u201cMicropitting performance of nitrided steel gears lubricated with mineral and ester oils\u201d, Tribology International, Vol. 42, pp. 77\u201087.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2008.05.010"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b7","unstructured":"DGMK Information Sheet (2002), Short Test Procedure for the Investigation of the Micropitting Load Capacity of Gear Lubricants, DGM Publikationen, Weinham."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b8","unstructured":"Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik E.V (1993), FVA Research Project Nr. 54\/I\u2010IV: Micro\u2010Pitting, German Standard for Gear Micropitting Test, Frankfurt, July."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold, J.W., Schmidt, A., Dicke, H., Loos, H. and A\u00dfmann, C. (2001), \u201cViscosity\u2010pressure\u2010temperature behaviour of mineral and synthetic oils\u201d, Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 51\u201079.","DOI":"10.1002\/jsl.3000180105"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hohn, B.R. and Michaelis, K. (2004), \u201cInfluence of oil temperature on gear failures\u201d, Tribology International, Vol. 37, pp. 103\u20109.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-679X(03)00047-1"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b12","unstructured":"Hohn, B.R., Oster, P. and Schrade, U. (2005), \u201cStudies on the micropitting resistance of case\u2010carburised gears \u2013 industrial application of the new calculation method\u201d, VDI Berichte, Vol. II, pp. 1287\u2010307."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b13","unstructured":"Hunt, T. (1993), Handbook of Wear Debris Analysis and Particle Detection in Liquids, Elsevier, London."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b14","unstructured":"Joachim, F., Kurz, N. and Glatthaar, B. (2002), \u201cInfluence of coatings and surface improvements on the lifetime of gears\u201d, VDI Berichte, Vol. 2, pp. 565\u201082."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b15","unstructured":"Lipp, K. and Hoffmann, G. (2003), \u201cDesign for rolling contact fatigue\u201d, International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 39, pp. 33\u201046."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, R. and Seabra, J. (2008), \u201cMicropitting performance of mineral and biodegradable ester gear oils\u201d, Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 60, pp. 286\u201092.","DOI":"10.1108\/00368790810902223"},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b17","unstructured":"Mummery, L. (1990), Surface Texture Analysis: The Handbook, Hommelwerke GmbH, Berlin."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b18","unstructured":"Winter, H. and Michaelis, K. (1985), \u201cFZG gear test rig \u2013 desciption and possibilities\u201d, paper presented at the Coordinate European Council Second International Symposium on The performance Evaluation of Automotive Fuels and Lubricants, Wolfsburg."},{"key":"key2022020620564522700_b19","unstructured":"Winter, H. and Oster, P. (1987), \u201cInfluence of the lubricant on pitting and micro pitting (grey staining, frosted areas) resistance of case carburized gears \u2013 test procedures\u201d, AGMA Technical Paper 87 FTM 9, October."}],"container-title":["Industrial Lubrication and Tribology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00368791111101821","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00368791111101821\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00368791111101821\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:58:48Z","timestamp":1753401528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ilt\/article\/63\/1\/34-45\/174012"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Seabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00368791111101821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00368791111101821","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8792","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]}}}