{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:34:07Z","timestamp":1761518047277,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]],"date-time":"2011-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incremental sheet forming represents a promising process in the manufacturing of metallic components, particularly its variant known as single point incremental forming (SPIF). The purpose of this paper is to test and validate the results coming from numerical simulation of SPIF processes using the reduced enhanced solid\u2010shell formulation, when compared to the solid finite elements available in ABAQUS software. The use of SPIF techniques in the production of small batch components has a potential wide application in fields such as rapid prototyping and biomechanical devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incremental forming processes differ from conventional stamping by not using a press and by requiring a lower number of tools, since no dedicated punches and dies are necessary, which lowers the overall production costs. In addition, it shows relative simplicity and flexible setup for complex parts, when compared with conventional technologies. However, the low speed of production and low\u2010dimensional accuracy levels are still the main obstacles for a wider application of this technique in the context of large production batches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this sense, the use of numerical simulation tools based on the finite element method (FEM) can provide a better understanding of the process' peculiarities. However, there are differences on using distinct finite element formulations, regarding accuracy as well as CPU times during simulations, which can be prohibitive in some cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aiming to provide sounding improvements in these two fields (robustness and cost effectiveness of FEM solutions), the present work encloses a preliminary study about some relevant parameters in the FEM simulation of SPIF. Special focus is given to the use of solid\u2010shell and solid finite elements, for the sake of generality in modelling, as well as implicit solution schemes for the sake of accuracy. Finally, results coming from both experimental data and commercial FEM packages are compared to those obtained by a reliable and cost\u2010effective solid\u2010shell finite element formulation developed and implemented by the authors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/02644401111118150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,12]],"date-time":"2011-03-12T07:04:40Z","timestamp":1299913480000},"page":"287-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["On the use of EAS solid\u2010shell formulations in the numerical simulation of incremental forming processes"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"J.I.V.","family":"Sena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.J.","family":"Alves de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.A.F.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b1","unstructured":"ABAQUS (2008), ABAQUS, Theory Manual, Version 6.8, Simulia, Providence, RI."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abed\u2010Meraim, F. and Combescure, A. (2009), \u201cAn improved assumed strain solid\u2010shell element formulation with physical stabilization for geometric non\u2010linear applications and elastic\u2010plastic stability analysis\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 80, pp. 1640\u201086.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2676"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aerens, R., Eyckens, P., Van Bael, A. and Duflou, J. (2010), \u201cForce prediction for single point incremental forming deduced from experimental and FEM observations\u201d, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 46, pp. 969\u201082.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-009-2160-2"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allwood, J., Hougthton, N. and Jackson, K. (2005), \u201cThe design of an incremental sheet forming machine\u201d, Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 6\u20108, pp. 471\u20108.","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.6-8.471"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves de Sousa, R.J., Natal Jorge, R.M., Fontes Valente, R.A. and C\u00e9sar S\u00e1, J.M.A. (2003), \u201cA new volumetric and shear locking\u2010free EAS element\u201d, Engineering Computations, Vol. 20, pp. 896\u2010925.","DOI":"10.1108\/02644400310502036"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves de Sousa, R.J., Yoon, J.W., Cardoso, R.P.R., Fontes Valente, R.A. and Gr\u00e1cio, J.J. (2007), \u201cOn the use of a reduced enhanced solid\u2010shell finite element for sheet metal forming applications\u201d, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 23, pp. 490\u2010515.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2006.06.004"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves de Sousa, R.J., Cardoso, R.P.R., Fontes Valente, R.A., Yoon, J.W., Gr\u00e1cio, J.J. and Natal Jorge, R.M. (2005), \u201cA new one\u2010point quadrature enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid\u2010shell element with multiple integration points along thickness: part I \u2013 geometrically linear applications\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 62, pp. 952\u201077.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1226"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves de Sousa, R.J., Cardoso, R.P.R., Fontes Valente, R.A., Yoon, J.W., Gr\u00e1cio, J.J. and Natal Jorge, R.M. (2006), \u201cA new one\u2010point quadrature enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid\u2010shell element with multiple integration points along thickness: part II \u2013 nonlinear problems\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 67, pp. 160\u201088.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1609"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves de Sousa, R.J., Correia, J.P.M., Sim\u00f5es, F.J.P., Ferreira, J.A.F., Cardoso, R.P.P., Gr\u00e1cio, J.J. and Barlat, F. (2008), \u201cEvaluation of springback behaviour of Al\u2010Mg\u2010Si alloys with different sitting times\u201d, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 50, pp. 1381\u20109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2008.07.008"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrogio, G., De Napoli, L., Filice, L., Gagliardi, F. and Muzzupappa, M. (2005), \u201cApplication of incremental forming process for high customised medical product manufacturing\u201d, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 162\u2010163, pp. 156\u201062.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.148"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b5","unstructured":"Amino Corporation (2005), \u201cMethod and apparatus for incremental forming\u201d, Patent No. 6971256, published December 6, Amino Corporation, Copenhagen."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b13","unstructured":"Bambach, M. and Hirt, G. (2005), \u201cPerformance assessment of element formulations and constitutive laws for the simulation of incremental sheet forming (ISF)\u201d, paper presented at the VIII International Conference on Computational Plasticity, Barcelona."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b14","unstructured":"Bambach, M., Hirt, G. and Junk, S. (2003), \u201cModelling and experimental evaluation of the incremental CNC sheet metal forming process\u201d, Proceedings 7th COMPLAS, Barcelona, Spain, April 7\u201010."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b47","unstructured":"Belytschko, T., Liu, W.K. and Moran, B. (2000), Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structure, Wiley, Chichester."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouffioux, C., Eyckens, P., Henrard, C., Aerens, R., Van Bael, A., Sol, H., Duflou, J.R. and Habraken, A.M. (2007), \u201cIdentification of material parameters to predict single point incremental forming forces\u201d, International Journal of Material Forming, Vol. 1, pp. 147\u20101150.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12289-008-0183-0"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, R.P.P., Yoon, J.W., Mahardika, M., Choudry, S., Alves de Sousa, R.J. and Fontes Valente, R.A. (2007), \u201cEnhanced assumed strain (EAS) and assumed natural strain (ANS) methods for one\u2010point quadrature solid\u2010shell elements\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 75, pp. 156\u201087.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2250"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrino, L., Giuliano, G. and Strano, M. (2006), \u201cThe effect of the punch radius in dieless incremental forming\u201d, Proceedings of the 2nd IPROMS Virtual International Conference, Cardiff, pp. 204\u20109.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008045157-2\/50040-7"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e9sar de S\u00e1, J.M.A., Natal Jorge, R.M., Fontes Valente, R.A. and Areias, P.M.A. (2002), \u201cDevelopment of shear locking\u2010free shell elements using an enhanced assumed strain formulation\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 53, pp. 1721\u201050.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.360"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmens, W.C. and van den Boogaard, A.H. (2007), \u201cStrain in shear and material behaviour in incremental forming\u201d, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 344, pp. 519\u201026.","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.344.519"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmens, W.C. and van den Boogaard, A.H. (2008), \u201cAn overview of stabilizing deformation mechanisms in incremental sheet forming\u201d, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, pp. 3688\u201095.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2008.10.003"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmens, W.C., Sebastiani, G. and van den Boogaard, A.H. (2010), \u201cThe technology of incremental sheet forming \u2013 a brief review of the history\u201d, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 210 No. 8, pp. 981\u201097.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2010.02.014"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyckens, P., Del\u2010lero Moreau, J., Duflou, J., Van Bael, A. and Van Houtte, P. (2009), \u201cMK modelling of sheet formability in the incremental sheet forming process, taking into account through\u2010thickness shear\u201d, International Journal of Material Forming, Vol. 2, pp. 379\u201082.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12289-009-0458-0"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, P., Duchene, L., Bouffioux, C., Lelotte, T., Henrard, C., Pernin, N., Van Bael, A., He, S., Duflou, J. and Habraken, A. (2007), \u201cModel identification and FE simulations: effect of different yield loci and hardening laws in sheet forming\u201d, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 23, pp. 420\u201049.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2006.05.006"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontes Valente, R.A., Alves de Sousa, R.J. and Natal Jorge, R.M. (2004), \u201cAn enhanced strain 3D element for large deformation elastoplastic problems in thin\u2010shell applications\u201d, Computational Mechanics, Vol. 34, pp. 38\u201052.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00466-004-0551-7"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b48","unstructured":"Fraeijs de Veubeke, B.M. (1951), \u201cDiffusion des inconnues hyperstatiques dans les voilures \u00e0 longeron couples\u201d, Bull. Serv. Technique de L'A\u00e9ronautique n. \u00b024, Imprimer\u00ede Marcel Hayez, Bruxelles."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fratini, L., Ambrogio, G., Di Lorenzo, R., Filice, L. and Micari, F. (2004), \u201cInfluence of mechanical properties of the sheet material on formability in single point incremental forming\u201d, CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 53, pp. 207\u201010.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)60680-5"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ham, M. and Jeswiet, J. (2006), \u201cSingle point incremental forming and the forming criteria for AA3003\u201d, CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 55, pp. 241\u20104.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)60407-7"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harnau, M. and Schweizerhof, K. (2006), \u201cArtificial kinematics and simple stabilization of solid\u2010shell elements occurring in highly constrained situations and applications in composite sheet forming simulation\u201d, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design archive, Vol. 42, pp. 1097\u2010111.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finel.2006.04.003"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b27","unstructured":"Henrard, C. (2008), \u201cNumerical simulations of the single point incremental forming process\u201d, PhD thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge, Belgium."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, T.J.R. (1978), \u201cGeneralization of selective integration procedures to anisotropic and nonlinear media\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 15, pp. 1413\u20108.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620150914"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b45","unstructured":"Hughes, T.J.R. (2000), The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis, 2nd ed., Dover Editions, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeswiet, J., Micari, F., Hirt, G., Bramley, A.N., Duflou, J.R. and Allwood, J. (2005), \u201cAsymmetric single point incremental forming of sheet metal\u201d, CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 54, pp. 88\u2010114.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)60021-3"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.H. and Park, J.J. (2002), \u201cEffect of process parameters on formability in incremental forming of sheet metal\u201d, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 130, pp. 42\u20106.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(02)00788-4"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b31","unstructured":"Leszak, E. (1967), \u201cApparatus and process for incremental dieless forming\u201d, Patent No. US3342051A1, published September 19."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, P.A.F., Bay, M., Skjoedt, N. and Silva, M.B. (2008), \u201cTheory of single point incremental forming\u201d, CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 57, pp. 247\u201052.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2008.03.047"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reese, S. (2005), \u201cOn a physically stabilized one point finite element formulation for three\u2010dimensional finite elasto\u2010plasticity\u201d, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 194, pp. 4685\u2010715.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2004.12.012"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarze, M. and Reese, S. (2009), \u201cA reduced integration solid\u2010shell finite element based on the EAS and the ANS concept \u2013 geometrically linear problems\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 80, pp. 1322\u201055.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2653"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b34","unstructured":"Sena, J.I.V., Valente, R.A.F., Gr\u00e1cio, J.J., Sim\u00f5es, F.J.P. and Alves de Sousa, R.J. (2009), \u201cFinite element analysis of incrementally formed parts\u201d, paper presented at the 7th Euromech Conference in Solid Mechanics, Lisbon, September 7\u201011."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simo, J.C. and Armero, F. (1992), \u201cGeometrically non\u2010linear enhanced strain mixed methods and the method of incompatible modes\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 33, pp. 1413\u201049.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620330705"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simo, J.C. and Rifai, M.S. (1990), \u201cA class of mixed assumed strain methods and the method of incompatible modes\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 1595\u2010638.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620290802"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tekkaya, A.E. (2000), \u201cState\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art of simulation of sheet metal forming\u201d, Journal of Material Processing Technology, Vol. 103, pp. 14\u201022.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(00)00413-1"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbert, J., Aerens, R., Vanhove, H., Aertbeli\u00ebn, E. and Duflou, J. (2009), \u201cObtainable accuracies and compensation strategies for robot supported SPIF\u201d, Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 410\u2010411, pp. 679\u201087.","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.410-411.679"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu\u2010Quoc, L. and Tan, X.G. (2003), \u201cOptimal solid\u2010shells for nonlinear analysis of multilayer composites. Part I: statics\u201d, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 192, pp. 975\u20101016.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7825(02)00435-8"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b42","unstructured":"Wagoner, R.H. and Chenot, J.L. (1996), Fundamentals of Metal Forming, Wiley, London."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zienkiewicz, O.C., Taylor, R.L. and Too, J.M. (1971), \u201cReduced integration technique in general analysis of plates and shells\u201d, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 3, pp. 275\u201090.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620030211"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_frd1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attanasio, A., Ceretti, E., Giardini, C. and Mazzoni, L. (2008), \u201cAsymmetric two points incremental forming: improving surface quality and geometric accuracy by tool path optimization\u201d, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 197, pp. 59\u201067.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.053"},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_frd2","unstructured":"Hughes, T.J.R. (1987), The Finite Element Method, Prentice\u2010Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"key2022021520453446900_frd3","unstructured":"Verbert, J., Belkassem, B., Henrard, C., Habraken, A.M., Gu, J., Sol, H., Lauwers, B. and Duflou, J.R. (2008), \u201cMulti\u2010step toolpath approach to overcome forming limitations in single point incremental forming\u201d, 11th ESAFORM2008 Conference on Material Forming, Lyon, pp. 587\u201090."}],"container-title":["Engineering Computations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/02644401111118150","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02644401111118150\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02644401111118150\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:35:18Z","timestamp":1753403718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ec\/article\/28\/3\/287-313\/111317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/02644401111118150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02644401111118150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-4401"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0264-4401"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]}}}