{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:31:36Z","timestamp":1764225096089,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]],"date-time":"2012-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330646400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to present and define a factor to assess the severity supported along transformer windings when the transformer is subjected to a transient voltage waveform due a switching operation of a vacuum circuit breaker (VCB). This factor is identified as time domain severity factor (TDSF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since each of switching waveforms depend on the electrical interaction between transformer and the VCB, it implies that each of those combinations is characterized by a TDSF. To obtain the TDSF implies to manage two different models of the transformer under consideration. Firstly, a terminal model (black box model) of the transformer is built to compute the switching waveform at transformer terminals during VCB operation. Then, a detailed model (white box model) of the transformer is used to compute the internal transient voltage distribution along transformer windings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A practical application of a power system consisting of a real transformer connected to a VCB is performed to show the sensibility of the TDSF coefficient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous works found in the literature already consider the evaluation of the overvoltages in transformer associated to switching transient by coefficients, such as the frequency domain severity factor (FDSF). But this factor, as a global coefficient, could not assess the severity along windings to localize dielectrically weak points. Therefore, this paper overcomes this limitation proposing an alternative coefficient identified as time domain severity factor (TDSF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/03321641211200644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,25]],"date-time":"2012-02-25T07:20:36Z","timestamp":1330154436000},"page":"670-681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Time domain severity factor (TDSF)"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Casimiro","family":"\u00c1lvarez\u2010Mari\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xose M.","family":"Lopez\u2010Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio J.M.","family":"Jacomo Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo A.F.","family":"Castro Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Miguel Duarte Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b1","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez\u2010Mari\u00f1o, C. and Lopez\u2010Fernandez, X.M. (2011), \u201cComputation of fast transient voltage distribution in transformer windings caused by vacuum circuit breaker switching\u201d, Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF2011), Funchal, Madeira, 1\u20103 September, pp. 1\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glinkowski, M.T., Gutierrez, M.R. and Braun, D. (1997), \u201cVoltage escalation and reignition behavior of vacuum generator circuit breakers during load shedding\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 219\u201026.","DOI":"10.1109\/61.568244"},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwood, A. and Glinkowski, M. (1988), \u201cVoltage escalation in vacuum switching operations\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 1698\u2010706.","DOI":"10.1109\/61.193974"},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustavsen, B. and Semlyen, A. (1999), \u201cRational approximation of frequency domain responses by vector fitting\u201d, IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 1052\u201061.","DOI":"10.1109\/61.772353"},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b5","unstructured":"Helmer, J. and Lindmayer, M. (1996), \u201cMathematical modeling of the high frequency behavior of vacuum interrupters and comparison with measured transients in power systems\u201d, paper presented at the XVIIth International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Berkeley."},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondala, B. and Gajjar, G. 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(2010a), \u201cModelling, simulation and measurements of very fast transients in Lossy transformer windings with tap changer\u201d, Przeglad elektrotechniczny, Vol. R. 86 5 pp. 141\u20104."},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez\u2010Fernandez, X.M., \u00c1lvarez\u2010Mari\u00f1o, C., Couto, D., Lopes, R. and Jacomo\u2010Ramos, A. (2010b), \u201cModeling and insulation design methodology in power transformer under fast transients\u201d, The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM 2010), Rome, 6\u20108 September, pp. 1\u20106.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICELMACH.2010.5608019"},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b10","unstructured":"Lopez\u2010Fernandez, X.M., \u00c1lvarez\u2010Mari\u00f1o, C., Ramos, J., Lopes, R. and Couto, D. (2010c), \u201cFrequency domain severity factor (FDSF)\u2010transient voltage performance\u2010transformer outside\/inside\u201d, Proceedings of the 3rd International Advanced Research Workshop on Transformers (ARWtr2010), Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 3\u20106 October, pp. 1\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b11","unstructured":"Massaro, U.R.R. and Antunes, R. (2009), \u201cElectrical transient interaction between transformers and power system \u2013 Brazilian experience\u201d, paper presented at the International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST2009), Kyoto, 3\u20106 June."},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popov, M. and Archa, E. (1999), \u201cOvervoltages due to switching off an unloaded transformer with a vacuum circuit breaker\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 1317\u201026.","DOI":"10.1109\/61.796224"},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popov, M., van der Sluis, L. and Paap, G.C. (2001), \u201cInvestigation of the circuit breaker reignition overvoltages caused by no\u2010load transformer switching surge\u201d, European Transactions on Electric Power (ETEP), Vol. 11 No. 6, pp. 413\u201022.","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.4450110609"},{"key":"key2022031120360889900_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popov, M., Smeets, R.P.P., van der Sluis, L., de Herdt, H. and Declercq, J. 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