{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:01:21Z","timestamp":1754157681040,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Presents a comparative study of the US accreditation system and of the CRE\u2019s (European Association of Universities) quality audits. After an examination of the published literature on recent developments of the systems their strong and weak points are discussed. This is followed by a very detailed analysis of the procedures for both systems and based, on the personal experience of the author, it is recommended that the responsibility of creating the necessary mechanisms for quality assessment and quality improvement should lie with each and every institution, while outside independent agencies, such as the already existing six US regional accrediting associations, should assume the role of meta\u2010evaluating or auditing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/09684889810242173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T02:09:54Z","timestamp":1027735794000},"page":"184-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The US accreditation system and the CRE\u2019s quality audits \u2010 a comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alberto M.S.C.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b1","unstructured":"Amaral, A. (1997), \u201cMobility and quality assessment in Europe\u201d, paper for the seminar, The Relationship between Higher Education and the Nation State. The Impact of the Process of European Integration, Globalizing Economies and Mobility of Students and Staff, Twente."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b2","unstructured":"Adelman, C. and Silver, H.,  (1990), Accreditation: The American Experience, CNAA, London."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b3","unstructured":"(The) Chronicle of Higher EducationT (1995a), May 4."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b4","unstructured":"(The) Chronicle of Higher EducationT (1995b), June 9."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b5","unstructured":"Council of the European Union (1991), \u201cConclusions of the Council and Ministers of Education meeting with the Council of 25 November 1991\u201d, (91\/34\/EC), OJ 91\/C 321\/02 of 12 December."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b6","unstructured":"Commission on Higher Education (1994a), Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, Characteristics of Excellence in Higher Education, Standards for Accreditation, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b7","unstructured":"Commission on Higher Education (1994b), Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, Handbook for Evaluation Teams, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b8","unstructured":"CRE (1996a), Guidelines for Self\u2010Evaluation and Preparation for Review Team Visits, Geneva.."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b9","unstructured":"CRE (1996b), Guidelines for Review Teams, Geneva.."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b10","unstructured":"CRE (1996c), The Quality Audit Process, Monitoring Report, CHEPS, University of Twente, Twente."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dill, D. et al. (1996), \u201cAccreditation and academic quality assurance \u2010 can we get there from here?\u201d, Change, September\/October, pp. 17\u201024.","DOI":"10.1080\/00091383.1996.9937136"},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b12","unstructured":"Doerr, A.H. (1983), \u201cAccreditation \u2010 academic boom or bane\u201d, Contemporary Education, Vol. 55 No. 1, p. 6."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b13","unstructured":"El\u2010Khawas, E. (1993), \u201cAccreditation and evaluation: reciprocity and exchange\u201d, in Conference on Frameworks for European Quality Assessment of Higher Education, Copenhagen.."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b14","unstructured":"European Commission (1991), \u201cMemorandum on Higher Education in the European Community\u201d, Com (91) 340, European Commission, Brussels."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewell, P.T. (1987), \u201cAssessment: where are we?\u201d, Change, Vol. 19 No. 1, p. 23.","DOI":"10.1080\/00091383.1987.9937092"},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b16","unstructured":"IRDAC (1994), Quality and Relevance \u2010 The Challenge to European Education, Brussels.."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b17","unstructured":"Kells, H.R. (1988), Self\u2010Study Processes, 3rd ed., Macmillan, London, p. xiii."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b18","unstructured":"Kells, H.R. and Kirkwood, R. (1978), \u201cInstitutional Self\u2010Evaluation Processes, Educational Record\u201d, Vol. 60 No. 1, p. 42."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b19","unstructured":"Management Group, European Committee Meeting (1995), European Pilot Project for the Evaluation of Quality in Higher Education, Brussels.."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b20","unstructured":"Trow, M. (1994), Academic Reviews and the Culture of Excellence, Studies of Higher Education and Research, Stockholm."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trow, M. (1996), \u201cTrust, markets and accountability in higher education: a comparative perspective\u201d, Higher Education Policy, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 309\u201024.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8733(96)00029-3"},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b22","unstructured":"van Vught, F.A. (1991), \u201cHigher education quality assessment in Europe: the next step\u201d, CRE\u2010action, No. 96\/4, pp. 61\u201083."},{"key":"key2022020520014827800_b23","unstructured":"van Vught, F.A. and Werterheijden, D. (1996), \u201cInstitutional evaluation and management for quality. The CRE programme; background, goals and procedures\u201d, CRE\u2010action, No. 107, pp. 9\u201040."}],"container-title":["Quality Assurance in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09684889810242173\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09684889810242173\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:08:15Z","timestamp":1753402095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/qae\/article\/6\/4\/184-196\/358426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/09684889810242173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09684889810242173","relation":{},"ISSN":["0968-4883"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0968-4883"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]}}}