{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:06:10Z","timestamp":1772748370539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a technical procedure for the manufacturing of medical implant prototypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper was performed on a new hip implant design and manufactured with different metallic alloys F75 (ASTM) commonly used in biomedical applications. Dimensional parameters between the computer\u2010aided design (CAD) geometry and the prototypes and surface roughness for different casting alloy were compared. A CAD model was used for machining of a prototype. Room temperature vulcanising (RTV) rubber moulds allowed the manufacturing of wax models of the femoral prosthesis. A specific lost\u2010wax casting (LWC) technology was used to manufacture prototypes for <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> tests. The final geometry was dimensionally controlled using different type of parameters (performance, average, standard, maximum and minimum deviations), surface roughness (<jats:italic>Ra<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rt<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rp<\/jats:italic>) were measured for all prototypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>To obtain a small number of implants, RTV rubber vacuum casting technique can be used to obtain lost wax models with good dimensional stability. No significant dimensional differences were observed relatively to the virtual model. However, the temperature of the wax and the rubber mould were important parameters to obtain good quality wax models. Surface roughness was different for different alloys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The design and development of a new hip femoral prosthesis prototype based on rapid tooling techniques to manufacture LWC prototypes is suitable for clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper describes a biomanufacturing methodology to manufacture biomedical implant prototypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540910960316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,23]],"date-time":"2009-05-23T07:13:58Z","timestamp":1243062838000},"page":"211-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["CAD\u2010CAM\u2010RTV \u2013 lost\u2010wax casting technology for medical implants"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Manuel de A. Monteiro Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ant\u00f3nio Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b10","unstructured":"ASTM F75\u201007 (2007), Standard Specification for Cobalt\u201028 Chromium\u20106 Molybdenum Alloy Castings and Casting Alloy for Surgical Implants (UNS R30075), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA."},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b5","unstructured":"Chen, D. and Cheng, F. (1999), \u201cIntegration of product and process development using rapid prototyping and workcell simulation technologies\u201d, Journal of Industrial Technology, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 1\u20106."},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiankang, H., Dichen, L., Bingheng, L., Zhen, W. and Tao, Z. (2006), \u201cCustom fabrication of a composite hemi\u2010knee joint based on rapid prototyping\u201d, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 198\u2010205.","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540610682705"},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b1","unstructured":"Folkestad, J.E. and Johnston, R.L. (2001), \u201cResolving the conflict between design and manufacturing: integrated rapid prototyping and rapid tooling (IRPRT)\u201d, Journal of Industrial Technology, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 1\u20107."},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, I., Cheung, L.K., Chow, S.P., Sheung, W.L., Beh, S.L., Savalani, W. and Lee, S.H. (2006), \u201cThe use of rapid prototyping to assist medical applications\u201d, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 53\u20108.","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540610637273"},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b14","unstructured":"ISO 7206\u20104 (2002), Implants for Surgery \u2013 Partial and Total Hip Joint Prostheses \u2013 Part 4: Determination of Endurance Properties of Stemmed Femoral Components, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva."},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b3","unstructured":"Kress, H. (1996), \u201cIntegration factors within a virtual prototyping environment\u201d, International Journal of Flexible Automation and Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 29\u201043."},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmati, S., Akbari, F. and Barati, E. (2007), \u201cDimensional accuracy analysis of wax patterns created by RTV silicone rubber moulding using the Taguchi approach\u201d, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 115\u201022.","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540710736803"},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b11","unstructured":"Ramos, A.M. (2006), \u201cNumerical and experimental study of a new hip prosthesis\u201d, PHD thesis, University of Aveiro, Aveiro."},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, A.M., Relvas, C. and Sim\u00f5es, J.A. (2003a), \u201cThe effect of milling strategies on texture, roughness and dimensional deviations of machined surfaces\u201d, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, No. 136, pp. 209\u201016.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(03)00160-2"},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, A.M., Relvas, C. and Sim\u00f5es, J.A. (2003b), \u201cVacuum casting with room temperature vulcanising rubber and aluminum moulds for rapid manufacturing of quality parts: a comparative study\u201d, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 101\u201015.","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540310467121"},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanghera, B., Satyajit, N., Papaharilaou, Y. and Amis, A. (2001), \u201cPreliminary study of rapid prototype medical models\u201d, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 275\u201084.","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540110410486"},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b4","unstructured":"Smith, P.G. and Reinertsen, D.G. (1998), Developing Products in Half the Time, Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620320065200_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, A., Lechniak, Z., Skalski, K. and Kdzior, K. (2000), \u201cDesign and manufacture of anatomical hip joint endoprostheses using CAD\/CAM systems\u201d, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 107 Nos 1\/3\/22, pp. 181\u20106.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(00)00682-8"}],"container-title":["Rapid Prototyping Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13552540910960316\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13552540910960316\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:29:12Z","timestamp":1753403352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/rpj\/article\/15\/3\/211-215\/362759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/13552540910960316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13552540910960316","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-2546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-2546","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]}}}