{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:09:07Z","timestamp":1767031747836,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Emerald Publishing Limited","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781803828121"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781803828114"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781803828138"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cultural differences are often important motivators for tourism, but they may also be associated with increased risk perceptions. Different cultures may also perceive risk differently. Despite the importance of this topic for tourism research, few studies have aimed to systematize literature on cultural differences, tourism and risk. Therefore, the main goal of the present chapter is to elaborate a bibliometric analysis of this literature, more specifically, to quantify its sources and clusters of co-citation and terms. To achieve this goal, the publications indexed in Web of Science with the terms cultural differences and tourism (242) are analysed using VOSviewer. A qualitative analysis of the studies which focus specifically on risk is also performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-80382-811-420231010","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:29:35Z","timestamp":1673839775000},"page":"175-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cultural Differences, Risk and Tourism: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1108","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aUniversidade Europeia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"bLus\u00edada University, Portugal"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdmm.2017.06.002","article-title":"Effects of cultural difference on users' online experience with a destination website: A structural equation modelling approach","volume":"8","author":"Alc\u00e1ntara-Pilar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Destination Marketing and Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.1656","article-title":"Language as a cultural vessel in online servicescapes: Its impact on consumers' perceived risk, attitudes, and behavioural intentions","volume":"16","author":"Alc\u00e1ntara-Pilar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Behaviour"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2019.102803","article-title":"Investigating tourists' risk information processing","volume":"79","author":"Aliperti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/08961530.2016.1152524","article-title":"A cross-cultural validation of the tourism web acceptance model (T-WAM) in different cultural contexts","volume":"28","author":"Besbes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of International Consumer Marketing"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00543-1","article-title":"Cultural differences in processing online customer reviews: Holistic versus analytic thinkers","author":"Brand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14673584211013866","article-title":"Memorable experiences in language travel","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tourism and Hospitality Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348020957057","article-title":"Cultural differences reflected in the experience economy","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/14649360701360089","article-title":"Mundane mobilities, performances and spaces of tourism","volume":"8","author":"Edensor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social & Cultural Geography"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib9","first-page":"209","article-title":"Life cycle assessment","volume-title":"The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability","author":"Filimonau","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2018.1490342","article-title":"National culture and tourist destination choice in the UK and Venezuela: An exploratory and preliminary study","volume":"21","author":"Filimonau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tourism Geographies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/3151312","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmp.2019.100576","article-title":"Institutional quality, political risk and tourism","volume":"32","author":"Ghalia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tourism Management Perspectives"},{"volume-title":"Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values","year":"1980","author":"Hofstede","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib13"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/00208825.1983.11656358","article-title":"National cultures in four dimensions: A research-based theory of cultural differences among nations","volume":"13","author":"Hofstede","year":"1983","journal-title":"International Studies of Management & Organization"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib15","volume-title":"Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations","author":"Hofstede","year":"2001","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1014","article-title":"Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context","volume":"2","author":"Hofstede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Online Readings in Psychology and Culture"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166310","article-title":"What are the factors affecting tourist behavior based on the perception of risk? Romanian and Serbian tourists' perspective in the aftermath of the recent floods and wildfires in Greece","author":"Kova\u010di\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2020.1800537","article-title":"When the unknown destination comes alive: The detrimental effects of destination anthropomorphism in tourism","volume":"49","author":"Kwak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Advertising"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2007.02.016","article-title":"Subjective food-risk judgements in tourists","volume":"28","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2021.09.023","article-title":"Cross-cultural gender differences in cruising risk perceptions: A study of young adults","volume":"49","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/19388160.2020.1781724","article-title":"Chinese tourism to the United States: The role of perceived cultural similarity","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of China Tourism Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1177\/00187267025511005","article-title":"The essentials of scholarship: A reply to Geert Hofstede","volume":"55","author":"McSweeney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2006.11.005","article-title":"Tourists' intention to visit a country: The impact of cultural distance","volume":"28","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-7383(95)00023-5","article-title":"Does nationality affect tourist behavior?","volume":"22","author":"Pizam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.753","article-title":"Tourists' information search: The differential impact of risk and uncertainty avoidance","volume":"12","author":"Quintal","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Research"},{"volume-title":"International tourism: Cultures and behavior","year":"2009","author":"Reisinger","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib26"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287509336473","article-title":"Applying Hofstede's national culture measures in tourism research: Illuminating issues of divergence and convergence","volume":"49","author":"Reisinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287504272017","article-title":"Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception","volume":"43","author":"Reisinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1300\/J073v20n01_02","article-title":"Cultural differences in travel risk perception","volume":"20","author":"Reisinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5177(96)00115-X","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences in tourism: Indonesian tourists in Australia","volume":"18","author":"Reisinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-2963(97)00107-0","article-title":"Cultural differences between Mandarin-speaking tourists and Australian hosts and their impact on cross-cultural tourist-host interaction","volume":"42","author":"Reisinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"11\/12","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1108\/03090569910292348","article-title":"A cultural analysis of Japanese tourists: Challenges for tourism marketers","volume":"33","author":"Reisinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/004728750204000308","article-title":"Cultural differences between Asian tourist markets and Australian hosts, Part 1","volume":"40","author":"Reisinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2010.10.001","article-title":"Ghosts: A travel barrier to tourism recovery","volume":"38","author":"Rittichainuwat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.09.008","article-title":"Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists","volume":"36","author":"Seabra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-009-0184-7","article-title":"Measuring personal cultural orientations: Scale development and validation","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/1464-0597.00058","article-title":"An international study of the psychometric properties of the Hofstede values survey module 1994: A comparison of individual and country\/province level results","volume":"50","author":"Spector","year":"2001","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1080\/02508281.2020.1747798","article-title":"Delineating acceptable risk in the space tourism industry","volume":"45","author":"Spector","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tourism Recreation Research"},{"key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/KST.2019.8687764","article-title":"Risks in the eyes of tourists: A survey study on perceived Thai tourism risks","author":"Srimee","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1108\/JOCM-11-2015-0219","article-title":"National habitus: An antidote to the resilience of Hofstede's \u201cnational cu","volume":"29","author":"Touburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Change Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1108\/WHATT-12-2018-0082","article-title":"Overcoming cross-cultural differences in post-war Sri Lanka: The case of Jetwing in Jaffna","volume":"11","author":"Wanigasekera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes"},{"volume-title":"Travel & tourism: Economic impact 2021","year":"2021","author":"WTTC","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib42"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122913023581900_i978-1-80382-811-420231010_16.bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.02.002","article-title":"A cross-cultural study of perceptions of medical tourism among Chinese, Japanese and Korean tourists in Korea","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tourism Management"}],"container-title":["Safety and Tourism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/978-1-80382-811-420231010\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/books\/edited-volume\/chapter-pdf\/9094919\/978-1-80382-811-420231010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:04:07Z","timestamp":1767031447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/books\/book\/13111\/chapter\/83557620\/Cultural-Differences-Risk-and-Tourism-A-Literature"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"ISBN":["9781803828121","9781803828114","9781803828138"],"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-80382-811-420231010","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}}}