{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:27:13Z","timestamp":1767054433966,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Emerald Publishing Limited","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781836625957"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781836625940"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781836625964"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the gender gap remaining a preoccupation in several areas related to information technology, this chapter proposes an approach to understanding \u2013 and possibly reducing \u2013 the gender gap through the study of health and fitness mobile applications (apps). In recent years, these have grown both on the ends of supply and demand, translating in a steady increase in the number of users, the provision of innovative solutions and coverage of multiple fields to improve health. We argue that, instead of being neutral, technology has a gender bias that reflects the world of its developers, who are mostly men. This lack of neutrality derives, in part, from women's underrepresentation in the technology industry. We thus propose to reflect on ways that could lead such apps to become more gender inclusive, both in terms of design and affordances. Considering that women are also underrepresented in health studies, we propose that by understanding the data value chain and the richness of the data generated through apps, such as the ones mentioned, steps may be taken towards reducing the gender gap in care delivery, disease prediction and diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-83662-594-020251003","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:59:07Z","timestamp":1744696747000},"page":"33-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Researching Health and Fitness Apps to Readdress the Gender Gap"],"prefix":"10.1108","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICNOVA, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"\u00c1lvares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIES\/ISCTE, University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221090038","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the poorly designed: The mobile app stores are not a user-friendly experience for health and medical purposes","author":"Aungst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-020-09558-y","article-title":"Factors that contribute to the underrepresentation of women in science careers worldwide: A literature review","volume":"23","author":"Avolio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256474","article-title":"Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator","volume":"16","author":"Belingheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604234","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2021.1604234","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of common mental disorders in women: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Bezerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib6","first-page":"1","article-title":"The gender binary will not be deprogrammed: Ten years of coding gender on facebook","volume":"19","author":"Bivens","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2015.1053717","article-title":"Under the hood: The software in your feminist approach","volume":"15","author":"Bivens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Feminist Media Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305116672486","article-title":"Baking gender into social media design: How platforms shape categories for users and advertisers","volume":"2","author":"Bivens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"volume-title":"If\u2026 Then. Algorithmic power and politics","year":"2008","author":"Bucher","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib9"},{"volume-title":"Closing the data gaps in women's health","year":"2023","author":"Burns","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib10"},{"volume-title":"Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity","year":"1990","author":"Butler","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib11"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305116672885","article-title":"Algorithmic hotness: Young women's \u201cpromotion\u201d and \u201creconnaissance\u201d work via social media body images","volume":"2","author":"Carah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2018.03.02","article-title":"Do mental health mobile apps work: Evidence and recommendations for designing high-efficacy mental health mobile apps","volume":"23","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"mHealth"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib15","unstructured":"Clay, L. (2023, March 8). Empowering women in tech: Overcoming barriers and achieving success. Codemotion. https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/dev-life\/empowering-women-in-tech-overcoming-barriers-and-achieving-success"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib16","first-page":"139","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","volume":"8","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"volume-title":"The second sex","year":"1949","author":"De Beauvoir","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib3"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/15274764211052660","article-title":"The datafication of intimacy: Mobile dating apps, dependency, and everyday life","volume":"23","author":"De Ridder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Television & New Media"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305119846486","article-title":"Multi-situated app studies methods and propositions","author":"Dieter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2021.3.1568","article-title":"Pandemic platform governance: Mapping the global ecosystem of COVID-19 response apps","volume":"10","author":"Dieter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Policy Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856512459838","article-title":"Performing and interpreting identity through facebook imagery","volume":"19","author":"Farquhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Convergence: The International Journal of Research Into New Media Technologies"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib22","article-title":"Apps and infrastructures - A research agenda","volume":"7","author":"Gerlitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computational Culture"},{"volume-title":"70+ women in technology statistics","year":"2023,  25","author":"Hubbert","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib23"},{"volume-title":"App download data","year":"2023","author":"Iqbal","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib24"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.22.1.153","article-title":"Gender inequality and higher education","volume":"22","author":"Jacobs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12767","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12767","article-title":"Underrepresentation and undertreatment of women in hematology: An unsolved issue","volume":"6","author":"Liblik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816675438","article-title":"The walkthrough method: An approach to the study of apps","volume":"20","author":"Light","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228613.013.470","volume-title":"Gender bias and sexism in language","author":"Menegatti","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8682","article-title":"Gender disparity in the funding of diseases by the U.S. National Institutes of Health","volume":"30","author":"Mirin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526416070.n16","article-title":"Focus groups","volume-title":"The SAGE handbook of qualitative data collection","author":"Morgan","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.15307\/fcj.25.181.2015","article-title":"There's a history for that: Apps and mundane software as commodity","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fibreculture Journal"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib32","unstructured":"Nouri, S. (2021). The role of bias in Artificial Intelligence. Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/forbestechcouncil\/2021\/02\/04\/the-role-of-bias-in-artificial-intelligence\/?sh=1bec861c579d"},{"volume-title":"Invisible women. Exposing data bias in a world designed for men","year":"2020","author":"Perez","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib33"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8718.001.0001","volume-title":"Digital methods","author":"Rogers","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6358624","article-title":"\u201cBrave men\u201d and \u201cemotional women\u201d: A theory-guided literature review on gender bias in health care and gendered norms towards patients with chronic pain","volume":"25","author":"Samulowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Research and Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/14742837.2017.1285223","article-title":"Why the personal remained political: Comparing second and third wave perspectives on everyday feminism","volume":"16","author":"Schuster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Movement Studies"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023120967171","article-title":"Diagnosing gender bias in image recognition systems","volume":"6","author":"Schwemmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Socius"},{"key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01400","article-title":"Gender inequalities in the workplace: The effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers' sexism","volume":"6","author":"Stamarski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"volume-title":"Most popular Apple app store categories as of 3rd quarter 2022, by share of available apps","year":"2022","author":"Statista","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib39"},{"volume-title":"Most popular Google Play app categories as of 3rd quarter 2022, by share of available apps","year":"2022","author":"Statista","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib40"},{"volume-title":"Percentage of global population accessing the internet from 2019 to 2022, by gender","year":"2023","author":"Statista","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib41"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055418000217","article-title":"The ties that double bind: Social roles and women's underrepresentation in politics","volume":"112","author":"Teele","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"volume-title":"Human development report","year":"1999","author":"United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib43"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib44","first-page":"356","article-title":"Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: Uses and benefits","volume":"39","author":"Ventola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacy and Therapeutics"},{"volume-title":"I'd blush if I could: Closing gender divides in digital skills through education","year":"2019","author":"West","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib45"},{"volume-title":"Gender and health","year":"2021","author":"World Health Organization","key":"2025122919221556000_i978-1-83662-594-020251003_5.bib46"}],"container-title":["Critical Literacies and Gender Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/978-1-83662-594-020251003\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/books\/edited-volume\/chapter-pdf\/9931270\/978-1-83662-594-020251003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:22:46Z","timestamp":1767054166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/books\/book\/17074\/chapter\/94076333\/Researching-Health-and-Fitness-Apps-to-Readdress"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"ISBN":["9781836625957","9781836625940","9781836625964"],"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-83662-594-020251003","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}