{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T02:51:36Z","timestamp":1794624696239,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid growth of artificial intelligence is disrupting various industries, including the tourism sector. This paper aims to outline the applications, benefits and risks of ChatGPT and large language models in general on tourism. It also aims to establish a research agenda for investigating the implications of these models in tourism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing on the available literature on ChatGPT, large language models and artificial intelligence, the paper identifies areas of application of ChatGPT for several tourism stakeholders. Potential benefits and risks are then considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT and other similar models are likely to have a profound impact on several tourism processes. They will contribute to further streamline customer service in front-of-house operations and increase productivity and efficiency in back-of-house operations. Although negative consequences for human resources are expected, this technology mostly enhances tourism employees.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is one of the first studies that explore the potential implications of ChatGPT in tourism and hospitality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/tr-02-2023-0088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T07:41:26Z","timestamp":1680248486000},"page":"290-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":446,"title":["ChatGPT for tourism: applications, benefits and risks"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5038\/2771-5957.2.1.1016","article-title":"Let the devil speak for itself: should ChatGPT be allowed or banned in hospitality and tourism schools?","volume":"2","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref002","volume-title":"Intelligent Automation: Welcome to the World of Hyperautomation","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-06-2019-0258","article-title":"Technology in tourism-from information communication technologies to eTourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: a perspective article","volume":"75","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tourism Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1108\/JHTT-03-2021-0104","article-title":"Voice assistants in hospitality: using artificial intelligence for customer service","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2022.2061672","article-title":"Anthropomorphism and OTA chatbot adoption: a mixed methods study","volume":"39","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref006","unstructured":"Chui, M., Roberts, R. and Yee, L. (2022), \u201cGenerative AI is here: how tools like ChatGPT could change your business\u201d, McKinsey and Company, available at: www.mckinsey.com\/capabilities\/quantumblack\/our-insights\/generative-ai-is-here-how-tools-like-chatgpt-could-change-your-business (accessed 10 February 2023)."},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105573","article-title":"Artificial intelligence as a service: legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Law and Security Review"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref008","unstructured":"Delouya, S. (2022), \u201cI asked ChatGPT to do my work and write an insider article for me. It quickly generated an alarmingly convincing article filled with misinformation\u201d, Business Insider, available at: www.businessinsider.com\/i-asked-chatgpt-to-write-insider-story-it-was-convincing-2022-12 (accessed 6 February 2023)."},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Mathematical capabilities of ChatGPT","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arxiv.2301.13867"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"ChatGPT is not all you need. A state of the art review of large generative AI models","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arxiv.2301.04655"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100511","article-title":"The bright and dark sides of artificial intelligence: a futures perspective on tourist destination experiences","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Destination Marketing and Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670517752459","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in service","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref013","unstructured":"Hughes, A. (2023), \u201cChatGPT: everything you need to know about OpenAI's GPT-3 tool\u201d, Science Focus, available at: www.sciencefocus.com\/future-technology\/gpt-3\/ (accessed 9 February 2023)."},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.54055\/ejtr.v34i.3169","article-title":"Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI\u2019s ChatGPT","volume":"34","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Tourism Research"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/FS-09-2021-0183","article-title":"Automated decision-making","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref016","first-page":"26","article-title":"AI2AI marketing: foundations and research agenda","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Robonomics: The Journal of the Automated Economy"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JTF-02-2023-0038","article-title":"Game of algorithms: ChatGPT implications for the future of tourism education and research","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Tourism Futures"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-78756-687-320191002","article-title":"Economic fundamentals of the use of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality","volume-title":"Robots, Artificial Intelligence and Service Automation in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref019","unstructured":"Karanjai, R. (2022), \u201cTargeted phishing campaigns using large scale language models\u201d, arXiv, doi: 10.48550\/arxiv.2301.00665 (accessed 3 February 2023)."},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref020","unstructured":"Kim, E. (2023), \u201cAmazon warns employees not to share confidential information with ChatGPT after seeing cases where its answer 'closely matches existing material' from inside the company\u201d, Business Insider, available at: www.businessinsider.com\/amazon-chatgpt-openai-warns-employees-not-share-confidential-information-microsoft-2023-1 (accessed 5 February 2023)."},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"The moral authority of ChatGPT","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arxiv.2301.07098"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-06-2019-0229","article-title":"Technology-enabled service evolution in tourism: a perspective article","volume":"75","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tourism Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21491","article-title":"Factors influencing users' adoption and use of conversational agents: a systematic review","volume":"38","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology and Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-021-00708-w","article-title":"Artificial intelligence as a service: classification and research directions","volume":"63","year":"2021","journal-title":"Business and Information Systems Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2019.1706457","article-title":"Predicting the intentions to use chatbots for travel and tourism","volume":"24","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Issues in Tourism"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Recent advances in natural language processing via large pre-trained language models: a survey","year":"2021","DOI":"10.48550\/arxiv.2111.01243"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref027","unstructured":"OpenAI (2022), \u201cChatGPT: optimizing language models for dialogue\u201d, available at: https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-04-2020-0259","article-title":"Adoption of AI-based chatbots for hospitality and tourism","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230163","article-title":"ChatGPT and other large language models are double-edged swords","volume":"230163","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref030","unstructured":"Sorrells, M. (2023), \u201cWhat will ChatGPT mean for the travel industry?\u201d, Travel Weekly, available at: www.travelweekly.com\/Travel-News\/Travel-Technology\/What-will-ChatGPT-mean-for-the-travel-industry (accessed 6 February 2023)."},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref031","unstructured":"Stack Overflow (2023), \u201cWhy posting GPT and ChatGPT generated answers is not currently acceptable\u201d, available at: https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/help\/gpt-policy (accessed 10 February 2023)."},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102883","article-title":"A review of research into automation in tourism: launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on artificial intelligence and robotics in tourism","volume":"81","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12821\/ijispm090201","article-title":"Hybrid intelligence: to automate or not to automate, that is the question","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management"},{"issue":"7947","key":"key2024020206461520300_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00288-7","article-title":"ChatGPT: five priorities for research","volume":"614","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Exploring AI ethics of ChatGPT: a diagnostic analysis","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arxiv.2301.12867"},{"key":"key2024020206461520300_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielinski, C., Winker, M., Aggarwal, R., Ferris, L., Heinemann, M., Florencio-Lape\u00f1a, J., Pai, S., Ing, E. and Citrome, L. (2023), \u201cChatbots, ChatGPT, and scholarly manuscripts: WAME recommendations on ChatGPT and chatbots in relation to scholarly publications\u201d, WAME, available at: https:\/\/wame.org\/page3.php?id=106 (accessed 9 February 2023).","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v54i3.5868"}],"container-title":["Tourism Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TR-02-2023-0088\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TR-02-2023-0088\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:24:19Z","timestamp":1753392259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/tr\/article\/79\/2\/290-303\/1234424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/TR-02-2023-0088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/tr-02-2023-0088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-5373","1660-5373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-5373","type":"print"},{"value":"1660-5373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]}}}