{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T07:11:10Z","timestamp":1762758670803,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Emerald","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n This study evaluates the carbonation resistance of 3D-printed concrete (3DPC), a critical durability aspect that has received limited attention despite the material\u2019s growing prominence and its known structural reinforcement challenges.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n The research investigates the influence of air-entraining agents (AEAs) on the carbonation resistance of 3DPC. Carbonation depth was assessed using phenolphthalein solution, and permeability characteristics were evaluated through air content and water absorption measurements.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n The results indicate that single-layer 3DPC mixtures exhibit inherent resistance to carbonation, with no signs of CO2 penetration. The inclusion of AEAs increased air content by 30\u201350% in the fresh state and 45\u201370% in the hardened state, thereby reducing permeability and enhancing durability. Notably, water absorption decreased by 2.4\u201311.3% in AEA-modified samples over the 0.5-h to 90-d period. Nonetheless, interlayer bonding weaknesses and printing parameters may still pose durability concerns.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n This study offers new insights into the durability of 3DPC against carbonation, addressing a relatively underexplored aspect of 3D-printed concrete technology and providing practical implications for improving long-term performance in printed concrete structures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ecam-06-2025-0939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T07:08:14Z","timestamp":1762758494000},"page":"1-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Durability of 3D printed concrete containing air-entraining agent: evaluating the importance of carbonation resistance"],"prefix":"10.1108","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Rasul","family":"GivKashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amirkabir University of Technology Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, , ,","place":["Tehran, Iran"]},{"name":"Tehran University , ,","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref001","article-title":"Standard test method for air content of freshly mixed concrete by the pressure method","author":"ASTM C231-09a","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref002","article-title":"Standard test method for microscopical determination of parameters of the air-void system in hardened concrete","author":"ASTM C457\/C457M-16","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref003","article-title":"Standard test method for scaling resistance of concrete surfaces exposed to deicing chemicals","author":"ASTM C672\/C672M-03","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref004","article-title":"Test method for compressive strength of hydraulic-cement mortars (using portions of prisms broken in flexure)","author":"ASTM C349-18-Standard","year":"2018"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025111002080541800_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6972","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216972","article-title":"The effect of curing conditions on the service life of 3D printed concrete formwork","volume":"16","author":"Bekaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref006","first-page":"283","article-title":"Durability of 3D printed concrete: a comparison of extrusion 3D printing, shotcrete 3D printing and conventional casting","author":"B\u00f6hler","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref055","article-title":"Testing concrete method for determination of water absorption","author":"BS 1881-122","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref007","volume-title":"BSI Standards Publication Testing Hardened Concrete Part 210: Determination of the Potential Carbonation Resistance of Method","author":"BS 1881-210","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Testing hardened concrete \u2013 part 10: determination of the relative carbonation resistance of concrete","volume":"1","author":"CEN\/TS 12390-10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Comm. Stand. Brussels"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2016.03.012","article-title":"Air-void structure, strength, and permeability of wet-mix shotcrete before and after shotcreting operation: the influences of silica fume and air-entraining agent","volume":"70","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Composites"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.06.001","article-title":"Vision of 3D printing with concrete\u2014Technical, economic and environmental potentials","volume":"112","author":"De Schutter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.03.573","article-title":"Optimizing the design of sintered fly ash light weight concrete by taguchi and ANOVA analysis","volume":"62","author":"Dhemla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials Today Proceedings"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref012","volume-title":"Testing Hardened Concrete: Determination of the Carbonation Resistance of Concrete \u2013 Accelerated Carbonation Method","author":"DIN EN 12390-12","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025111002080541800_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2022.2102717","article-title":"Long-term durability assessment of 3D printed concrete","volume":"37","author":"El Inaty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111002080541800_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2019.10.008","article-title":"The role of relative humidity and cement type on carbonation resistance of concrete","volume":"58","author":"Elsalamawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alexandria Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref015","article-title":"Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete","author":"GB\/T 50082-2009","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137411","article-title":"The effect of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfuric acid attack separately on the compressive strength and microstructure of 3D-Printed air-entrained concrete","volume":"440","author":"GivKashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002080541800_ref017","first-page":"3","article-title":"Feasibility of construction of buildings with the 3D printing concrete from different methods perspectives focusing on economic evaluation","volume":"7","author":"GivKashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"AUT Journal of Civil Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025111002080541800_ref018","article-title":"The effect of air entraining agent on hardened properties of 3D printed concrete with emphasis on permeability and air void structure","volume":"37","author":"GivKashi, M.R., Moodi, F. and Ramezanianpour, A.M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025111002080541800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/21650373.2024.2392155","article-title":"Effect of pumping process on the properties of 3D printed concrete containing air-entraining agent","volume":"14","author":"GivKashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025111002080541800_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40999-025-01093-1","article-title":"Investigating shrinkage and mechanical properties of 3D printed concretes under different curing conditions","volume":"23","author":"GivKashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Civil Engineering"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121745","article-title":"A review of 3D printed concrete: performance requirements, testing measurements and mix design","volume":"273","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025111002080541800_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.9798\/kosham.2018.18.5.127","article-title":"An experimental study on the mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperatures","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2020.101654","article-title":"A compendious review on lack-of-fusion in digital concrete fabrication","volume":"37","author":"Kruger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Additive Manufacturing"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2020.101740","article-title":"An investigation into the porosity of extrusion-based 3D printed concrete","volume":"37","author":"Kruger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Additive Manufacturing"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref025","first-page":"291","article-title":"Durability of 3D printed concrete: performance assessment of a two-component system against water absorption, carbonation, and chloride ingress","author":"Lima","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025111002080541800_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074256","article-title":"Research on influences of ultrasonic vibration agitation stirring on carbonation resistance of cement-based materials after absorption of CO2","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.155","article-title":"Effects of micro-environmental climate on the carbonation depth and the pH value in fly ash concrete","volume":"181","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002080541800_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures7010001","article-title":"Chloride induced corrosion and carbonation in 3D printed concrete","volume":"7","author":"Malan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infrastructure"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref029","volume-title":"Concrete (Microstructure, Properties, and Materials)","author":"Mehta","year":"2006","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref030","article-title":"Carbonation mechanism of alkali-activated fly ash and slag materials: in view of long-term performance predictions","author":"Nedeljkovi\u0107","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.015","article-title":"Inline quantification of extrudability of cementitious materials for digital construction","volume":"95","author":"Nerella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Composites"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103901","article-title":"Use of magnesium-silicate-hydrate (MSH) cement mixes in 3D printing applications","volume":"117","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Composites"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2019.100894","article-title":"Additive manufacturing in construction: a review on processes, applications, and digital planning methods","volume":"30","author":"Paolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Additive Manufacturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111002080541800_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13040945","article-title":"Effects of different types of fibers on fresh and hardened properties of cement and geopolymer-based 3D printed mixtures: a review","volume":"13","author":"Ramezani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref035","volume-title":"National Institutes of Health","author":"Rasband","year":".."},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref036","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete","author":"Richardson","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.019","article-title":"Oxygen permeability of concrete and its relation to carbonation","volume":"85","author":"Salvoldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025111002080541800_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.13087","article-title":"Microstructural examination of carbonated 3D-printed concrete","volume":"286","author":"Sanchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Microscopy"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.162","article-title":"Carbonation resistance of cements containing supplementary cementitious materials and its relation to various parameters of concrete","volume":"178","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025111002080541800_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/21650373.2019.1705199","article-title":"3D-printed concrete: applications, performance, and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Siddika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref041","first-page":"225","article-title":"Corrosion challenges and opportunities in digital fabrication of reinforced concrete","author":"Stefanoni","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025111002080541800_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-8846(02)00728-7","article-title":"Modeling carbonation for corrosion risk prediction of concrete structures","volume":"32","author":"Steffens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025111002080541800_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2017.1326724","article-title":"3D printing trends in building and construction industry: a review","volume":"12","author":"Tay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virtual and Physical Prototyping"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref044","volume-title":"Mechanical Properties and Durability of 3D Printed Cementitious Materials","author":"Van Der Putten","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106777","article-title":"Transport properties of 3D printed cementitious materials with prolonged time gap between successive layers","volume":"155","author":"Van Der Putten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2021.102189","article-title":"Cementitious composites blending with high belite sulfoaluminate and medium-heat Portland cements for largescale 3D printing","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Additive Manufacturing"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111363","article-title":"Additive manufacturing in construction using unmanned aerial vehicle: design, implementation, and material properties","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025111002080541800_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002456","article-title":"Effect of air entrainment on the mechanical properties, chloride migration, and microstructure of ordinary concrete and fly ash concrete","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105533","article-title":"A review of the current progress and application of 3D printed concrete","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002080541800_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-021-01632-x","article-title":"Hardened properties and durability of large-scale 3D printed cement-based materials","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials and Structures"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133252","article-title":"Influence of steel fiber on the water absorption of 3D printed concrete","volume":"330","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials Letters"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133642","article-title":"Influence of the pore feature on the water uptake in 3D printed concrete","volume":"333","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials Letters"},{"key":"2025111002080541800_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtsust.2024.100704","article-title":"Durability and hardened properties of 3D printed concrete containing bauxite tailings","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials Today Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ecam\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1108\/ECAM-06-2025-0939\/10575534\/ecam-06-2025-0939en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ecam\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1108\/ECAM-06-2025-0939\/10575534\/ecam-06-2025-0939en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T07:08:17Z","timestamp":1762758497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ecam\/article\/doi\/10.1108\/ECAM-06-2025-0939\/1311502\/Durability-of-3D-printed-concrete-containing-air"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":54,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ecam-06-2025-0939","relation":{},"ISSN":["0969-9988","1365-232X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0969-9988","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-232X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}}}