{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:29:04Z","timestamp":1776439744111,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3-4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper investigates the employment dynamics of immigrant enterprises by examining psychological contract (PC) relationships between immigrant entrepreneurs (IEs) and their workforce within immigrant enclaves in Northern England. By integrating psychological contract theory (PCT) with the mixed embeddedness framework, the study explores how informal employment relationships lead to inadvertent PC violations and their operational and competitive consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A qualitative approach was adopted using semi-structured interviews that were conducted with 43 Pakistani IEs and 68 employees between March 2022 and August 2023. The data were analysed using template analysis, allowing for a structured examination and comparison of themes and patterns across participants\u2019 narratives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study reveals distinct PC dynamics, illustrating how different relationship \u201ctypes\u201d within immigrant enterprises are related to varying competitive and operational risks. Kinship-based relationships foster loyalty but introduce operational risks related to role misalignment and limited skill development. Second-level relatives pose the highest competitive threat by leveraging their positions for skill acquisition and future competitive behaviour. Co-ethnic employees present moderate competitive risks, often exhibiting counterproductive behaviours or leaving to start their businesses. Non-co-ethnic employees, though rare, pose the lowest competitive threat but can introduce legal and compliance risks due to transactional PC breaches. These findings illustrate the complex interplay between relationship types, competitive pressures and operational stability within immigrant enterprises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study offers practical implications for IEs, business support agencies and policymakers. Immigrant entrepreneurs are encouraged to formalise employment practices by defining roles and expectations to reduce misunderstandings and operational risks. Business support agencies can provide training on compliance, financial management and formal business practices, helping immigrant businesses achieve sustainability. At the policy level, increasing access to business mentoring and financial support can foster structured management approaches within immigrant enterprises, thereby enhancing their contributions to local economies and reducing competitive tensions within immigrant enclaves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uniquely combines PCT with the mixed embeddedness framework to provide a nuanced perspective on immigrant entrepreneurship within Northern England\u2019s immigrant enclaves. By\u00a0focusing on the unintended consequences of over-embeddedness, this research challenges the traditional view of ethnic networks and social capital as uniformly beneficial, illustrating how excessive reliance on informal agreements can undermine business sustainability. The study highlights the importance of formalised management practices, offering new insights into the discourse on immigrant entrepreneurship theory and practical implications for workforce management within ethnic enclave enterprises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/er-04-2024-0235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T07:37:17Z","timestamp":1745825837000},"page":"537-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<i>\u201cTry to keep them dumb and under the thumb<\/i>\n                    \u201d: exploring the \u201cdarker side\u201d of\u00a0psychological contracts in \u201coverly embedded\u201d immigrant enterprises"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-3762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naveed","family":"Yasin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abu Dhabi School of Management , ,","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6281-5999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhibul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Worcester Business School Department of Marketing and Enterprise, , ,","place":["Worcester, UK"]}]},{"given":"Leo Paul","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICD Business School Paris Department of Business, , ,","place":["Paris, France"]},{"name":"Kazimieras Simonavicius University Department of Business, , ,","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6808-1327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aidin","family":"Salamzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tehran , ,","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120504021096200_ref001","unstructured":"Abbasi, N.M.\n           (2010), \u201cThe Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and its impact on democracy building in Pakistan\u201d, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.idea.int\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/chapters\/the-role-of-the-european-union-in-democracy-building\/eu-democracy-building-discussion-paper-41 (accessed\u00a020th March 2024)."},{"key":"2025120504021096200_ref002","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship","author":"Aldrich","year":"1986"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120504021096200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1108\/13522750910993301","article-title":"Facilitating and maintaining research access into ethnic minority firms","volume":"12","author":"Altinay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal"},{"issue":"No. ahead-of-print","key":"2025120504021096200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/GKMC-04-2024-0248","article-title":"Does psychological capital alleviate work overload-induced work exhaustion and burnout among teleworkers? 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