{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:36:41Z","timestamp":1766486201337,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the different scientific contributions about the 4-day workweek, there is a lack of research into the role of organizational cultures in implementing the 4-day workweek. This article addresses that gap, discussing the extent to which specific types of organizational culture favour the experience of implementing the 4-day workweek and the tensions that surround it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article is based on a case study exploring how the uneven implementation of a 4-day workweek in a small company relates to organizational cultures and their tense dynamics. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and an organizational culture assessment instrument.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case study reveals that the uneven implementation of the 4-day workweek is favoured by the hybrid organizational culture of a small company, combining tradition and innovation leadership styles. It discusses a double tension between current and preferred organizational cultures, as well as inside the existing hybrid organizational culture, which managed to accommodate both 4-day and 5-day working formats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study outlines the underexplored scientific area of organizational cultures in leveraging the 4-day workweek and the tensions that arise from running through it. In addition, it offers insights for organizations and practitioners' debate because it discusses an uneven experience of implementing the 4-day workweek as it includes workers who joined, declined or were excluded from the 4-day format by a unilateral decision of the administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/er-09-2024-0526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:47:47Z","timestamp":1762764467000},"page":"46-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The uneven implementation of the 4-day workweek: organizational cultures in tension"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-7662","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia Alexandra","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto Faculty of Economics, , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto Faculty of Economics, , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8860-8325","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Soeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4907.001.0001","volume-title":"NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2005","author":"Alesina","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483307961.n2","volume-title":"The Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate","author":"Alvesson","year":"2010"},{"volume-title":"Changing Organizational Culture: Cultural Change Work in Progress","year":"2025","author":"Alvesson","key":"2025122305214444700_ref003"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref004","first-page":"53","article-title":"A four-day workweek: a policy for improving employment and environmental conditions in Europe","author":"Ashford","year":"2013","journal-title":"The European Financial Review"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101635","article-title":"Expanding competitive advantage through organizational culture, knowledge sharing and organizational innovation","volume":"66","author":"Azeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"The four-day workweek: old lessons, new questions","volume":"42","author":"Bird","year":"2010","journal-title":"Connecticut Law Review"},{"volume-title":"Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture Based on Competing Values Framework","year":"2006","author":"Cameron","key":"2025122305214444700_ref007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122305214444700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-023-00347-3","article-title":"The four-day workweek: a chronological, systematic review of the academic literature","volume":"74","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Management Review Quarterly"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref009","article-title":"Burnout, inequality and poor service \u2013 the real outcome of the four-day week","author":"Chaffey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evening Standard"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122305214444700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0258042X221082893","article-title":"The subtle art of effecting a four-day workweek to drive performance","volume":"47","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Management and Labour Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122305214444700_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279422000186","article-title":"A social policy case for a four-day week","volume":"51","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Social Policy"},{"volume-title":"The Case for a Four Day Week","year":"2021","author":"Coote","key":"2025122305214444700_ref012"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref013","volume-title":"Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches","author":"Creswell","year":"2007","edition":"2nd ed."},{"volume-title":"Perpetual Guardian's 4-day Workweek Trial: Qualitative Research Analysis","year":"2018","author":"Delaney","key":"2025122305214444700_ref014"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122305214444700_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1108\/ER-02-2021-0056","article-title":"The promise of a four-day week? A critical appraisal of a management-led initiative","volume":"44","author":"Delaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Employee Relations: The International Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122305214444700_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017004045550","article-title":"Work and family life balance: the impact of the 35-hour laws in France","volume":"18","author":"Fagnani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Work, Employment and Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122305214444700_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/07308884211047208","article-title":"Working more, less or the same during COVID-19? A mixed method, intersectional analysis of remote workers","volume":"49","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Work and Occupations"},{"issue":"Q IV","key":"2025122305214444700_ref087","first-page":"13","article-title":"Reducing working hours","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122305214444700_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soy014","article-title":"Working hours and carbon dioxide emissions in the United States, 2007-2013","volume":"96","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref020","unstructured":"Four-Day Week Global\n           (2025), \u201cWhy trial a 4\u00a0day week?\u201d, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.4dayweek.com\/why-pilot (accessed\u00a014 March 2025)."},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref021","first-page":"23","volume-title":"O Tempo De Trabalho\u2013 1919-2019\u00a0Um Centen\u00e1rio Inc\u00f3modo: Ainda as 8 Horas? Debate Sobre O Tempo De Trabalho Hoje","author":"Freitas","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref022","unstructured":"GEP \u2013 Gabinete de Estrat\u00e9gia e Planeamento\n           (2023), \u201cCole\u00e7\u00e3o Estat\u00edsticas \u2013 quadros de Pessoal 2022. Minist\u00e9rio do Trabalho, Solidariedade e Seguran\u00e7a Social\u201d, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.gep.mtsss.gov.pt\/documents\/10182\/10928\/qp2022pub.pdf\/600a66a7-725a-4956-8e35-9682399fff59"},{"volume-title":"The Effects of Working Time on Productivity and Firm Performance: A Research Synthesis Paper","year":"2012","author":"Golden","key":"2025122305214444700_ref023"},{"volume-title":"Friday Is the New Saturday: How the Four-Day Working Week Will Save the Economy","year":"2021","author":"Gomes","key":"2025122305214444700_ref085"},{"volume-title":"Understanding Organizations","year":"1993","author":"Handy","key":"2025122305214444700_ref024"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122305214444700_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1697(200003\/04)9:2&lt;135::AID-JSC464&gt;3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Organizational culture: Siren or sea cow? A reply to Dianne Lewis","volume":"9","author":"Hofstede","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strategic Change"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref026","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Can less Work be More Fair?","author":"Hollo","year":"2016"},{"year":"2019","author":"International Labour Office","key":"2025122305214444700_ref088"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122305214444700_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3390\/su5041545","article-title":"\u2018Friday off\u2019: reducing working hours in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Kallis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.06.006","article-title":"A shorter working week for everyone: how much paid work is needed for mental health and well-being?","volume":"241","author":"Kamer\u0101de","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"article-title":"Reducing growth to achieve environmental sustainability: the role of work hours","year":"2012","author":"Knight","key":"2025122305214444700_ref029"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref030","article-title":"Will the 4-day workweek take hold in Europe?","author":"Laker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"May 2018","key":"2025122305214444700_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2018.05.010","article-title":"The shorter workweek and worker wellbeing: evidence from Portugal and France","volume":"58","author":"Lepinteur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"volume-title":"Autonomy","year":"2023","author":"Lewis","key":"2025122305214444700_ref032"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref033","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Can less Work be More Fair?","author":"Marston","year":"2016"},{"volume-title":"Organizational Culture, Research Paper No. 1847, Research Paper Series","year":"2004","author":"Martin","key":"2025122305214444700_ref034"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref035","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Can less Work Be More Fair?","author":"Moase","year":"2016"},{"issue":"0","key":"2025122305214444700_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/07308884231203317","article-title":"Time work in the office and shop: workers' strategic adaptations to the 4-day week","volume":"0","author":"Moen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Work and Occupations"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122305214444700_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888413481482","article-title":"Time work by overworked professionals: strategies in response to the stress of higher status","volume":"40","author":"Moen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Work and Occupations"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref038","article-title":"Every 4-Day workweek study (& key stats from each)","author":"Oloughlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build Remote"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025122305214444700_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1519\/1073-6840(1994)016&lt;0074:RS&gt;2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Work-time reduction in the U.S. and Western Europe","volume":"111","author":"Owen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Monthly Labor Review"},{"article-title":"Opinion: the Case for the four-day Workweek, CNN Business","year":"2022","author":"O'Connor","key":"2025122305214444700_ref040"},{"volume-title":"Shorter: How Smart Companies Work Less, Embrace Flexibility and Boost Productivity","year":"2020","author":"Pang","key":"2025122305214444700_ref041"},{"volume-title":"In Association with Coulthard Barnes, Perpetual Guardian","year":"2019","author":"Perpetual Guardian White Paper","key":"2025122305214444700_ref042"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2014.04.009","article-title":"Working time reduction policy in a sustainable economy: criteria and options for its design","volume":"103","author":"Pullinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"volume-title":"Power to the Workers? A Qualitative Study of Workers' Experiences of a 4-Day Working Week","year":"2022","author":"Rafferty","key":"2025122305214444700_ref044"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2025122305214444700_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s41027-020-00273-y","article-title":"Platform work and the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"63","author":"Rani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Labour Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122305214444700_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2009.10.001","article-title":"How working time reduction affects jobs and wages","volume":"106","author":"Raposo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"volume-title":"Rapport Sur L\u2019Impact Soci\u00e9tal, Social, \u00c9conomique Et Financier De La R\u00e9duction Progressive Du Temps De Travail","year":"2014","author":"Romagnan","key":"2025122305214444700_ref047"},{"article-title":"Cuatro D\u00edas: Trabajar Menos Para Vivir En Un Mundo Mejor, Barlin Libros, Val\u00eancia","year":"2023","author":"Sanchis","key":"2025122305214444700_ref048"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122305214444700_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8551.12182","article-title":"Reporting and justifying the number of interview participants in organization and workplace research","volume":"27","author":"Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Journal of Management"},{"volume-title":"Organizational Culture and Leadership","year":"1985","author":"Schein","key":"2025122305214444700_ref050"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025122305214444700_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1162\/1088198054084581","article-title":"Sustainable consumption and worktime reduction","volume":"9","author":"Schor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial Ecology"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref052","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Plenitude: the New Economics of True Wealth","author":"Schor","year":"2010"},{"volume-title":"After the Gig: How the Sharing Economy Got Hijacked and How to Win It Back","year":"2020","author":"Schor","key":"2025122305214444700_ref053"},{"volume-title":"The Four Day Week: Assessing Global Trials of Reduced Work Time with No Reduction in Pay","year":"2022","author":"Schor","key":"2025122305214444700_ref054"},{"volume-title":"The Results are In: the Uk\u2019s four-day Week Pilot","year":"2023","author":"Schor","key":"2025122305214444700_ref055"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref056","unstructured":"Shepherd, J.\n           (2021), \u201cWithout careful design, a four-day workweek could make inequality worse\u201d, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/voices\/fourday-week-risks-benefits-freedom-health-economy-b1884163.html"},{"volume-title":"How to Achieve Shorter Working Hours","year":"2019","author":"Skidelsky","key":"2025122305214444700_ref057"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025122305214444700_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2307\/2392246","article-title":"Concepts of culture and organizational analysis","volume":"28","author":"Smircich","year":"1983","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quartely"},{"volume-title":"Autonomy","year":"2019","author":"Stronge","key":"2025122305214444700_ref059"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94238-0_4","article-title":"How a 4-day workweek and remote work affect agile software development teams","volume":"438","author":"Topp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing"},{"volume-title":"A Future that Works for Working People","year":"2018","author":"TUC","key":"2025122305214444700_ref061"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025122305214444700_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/0091026016678856","article-title":"Work-family balance and alternative work schedules: exploring the impact of 4-day workweeks on state employees","volume":"45","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Personnel Management"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref063","article-title":"Four better or four worse?","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Henley Business School"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref086","article-title":"The four-day week. The pandemic and the evolution of flexible work","author":"Walter","year":"2022","journal-title":"A White Paper from Henley Business School"},{"volume-title":"Sensemaking in Organizations","year":"1995","author":"Weick","key":"2025122305214444700_ref064"},{"key":"2025122305214444700_ref065","unstructured":"Worstall, T.\n           (2019), \u201cThe problem with the four day workweek\u201d, Vol.\u00a01-2, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.adamsmith.org\/blog\/the-problem-with-the-four-day-work-week"},{"volume-title":"Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods","year":"2014","author":"Yin","key":"2025122305214444700_ref066"}],"container-title":["Employee Relations: The International Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/er\/article-pdf\/48\/1\/46\/10575862\/er-09-2024-0526en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/er\/article-pdf\/48\/1\/46\/10575862\/er-09-2024-0526en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:21:52Z","timestamp":1766485312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/er\/article\/48\/1\/46\/1311540\/The-uneven-implementation-of-the-4-day-workweek"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/er-09-2024-0526","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-5455","1758-7069"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0142-5455"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1758-7069"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}}}