{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:14:59Z","timestamp":1777576499498,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"8\/9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]],"date-time":"2013-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to test a model of entrepreneurial intentions among secondary students based on their psychological characteristics. Furthermore, this seeks to determine whether teenage students (14-15 years old) possess entrepreneurial characteristics and whether these characteristics correspond to entrepreneurial intentions. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 A sample of secondary students was chosen ranging from 14 to 15 years old. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analysed by univarite statistics and structural equations modelling (PLS) to measure the relationship between the psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The results demonstrate there is a relationship between (some) psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions. The propensity to risk negatively influences entrepreneurial intentions, meanwhile self-confidence and the need for achievement positively influence the construct. The relationship between tolerance and ambiguity, locus of control and innovativeness with entrepreneurial intentions reported no statistical significance. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The results reinforce the idea that psychological characteristics (trait approach) influence entrepreneurial intentions. However, the model needs further development through the incorporation of behavioural characteristics. This would allow for the understanding of whether behaviour and trait theories oppose or complement each other. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The paper provides important evidence for improving entrepreneurship education for young students. First, it is important to incite and develop some psychological characteristics in order to promote entrepreneurial intentions. Second, entrepreneurship curricula should jointly develop both entrepreneurial characteristics and the awareness among students about the viability of an entrepreneurial career. This may be achieved not only by presenting entrepreneurs as role models, promoting an entrepreneurial culture but also by developing entrepreneurial skills that improve self-confidence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/et-06-2013-0085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,10]],"date-time":"2013-10-10T15:27:14Z","timestamp":1381418834000},"page":"763-780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions among secondary students"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Anabela","family":"Dinis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arminda","family":"do Pa\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gouveia Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajzen, I.\n (1991), \u201cThe theory of planned behaviour\u201d, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, pp. 179-211.","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b2","unstructured":"Bakotic, D.\n and \n Kruzic, D.\n (2010), \u201cStudents\u2019 perceptions and intentions towards entrepreneurship: the empirical findings from Croatia\u201d, The Business Review, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 209-215."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, R.A.\n (1998), \u201cCognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people\u201d, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 13, pp. 275-294.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(97)00031-1"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begley, T.P.\n and \n Boyd, D.P.\n (1987), \u201cPsychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firms and smaller business\u201d, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 79-93.","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9026(87)90020-6"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b5","unstructured":"Bellu, R.R.\n (1988), \u201cEntrepreneurs and managers: are they different?\u201d, in \n Reynolds, P.D.\n , \n Birley, S.\n , \n Butler, J.E.\n , \n Bygrave, W.D.\n , \n Davidsson, P.\n , \n Gartner W.B.\n and \n McDougall, P.P.\n (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, MA, pp. 16-30."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beverland, M.\n and \n Lockshin, L.\n (2001), \u201cOrganizational life cycles in small New Zealand wineries\u201d, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 354-362.","DOI":"10.1111\/0447-2778.00032"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockhaus, R.H.\n (1980), \u201cRisk taking propensity of entrepreneurs\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 509-520.","DOI":"10.2307\/255515"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b8","unstructured":"Brockhaus, R.H.\n and \n Horwitz, P.S.\n (1986), \u201cThe psychology of the entrepreneur\u201d, in \n Sexton, D.L.\n and \n Smilor, R.W.\n (Eds), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 25-48."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bygrave, W.D.\n (1989), \u201cThe entrepreneurship paradigm (I): a philosophical look at its research methodologies\u201d, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 14, pp. 7-26.","DOI":"10.1177\/104225878901400102"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carayannis, E.\n , \n Evans, D.\n and \n Hanson, M.\n (2003), \u201cA cross-cultural leaning strategy for entrepreneurship education: outline of key concepts and lessons learned from a comparative study of entrepreneurship students in France and the US\u201d, Technovation, Vol. 23 No. 9, pp. 757-771.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4972(02)00030-5"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b11","unstructured":"Chin, W.\n (1998), \u201cThe partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling\u201d, in \n Marcoulides, G.A.\n (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research, Laurence Erlbaum Associates, NJ, pp. 295-336."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b12","unstructured":"Chin, W.W.\n , \n Marcolin, B.L.\n and \n Newsted, P.R.\n (1996), \u201cA partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and voice mail emotion\/adoption study\u201d, Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Information Systems, Cleveland, OH, pp. 21-41."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b13","unstructured":"Collins, O.F.\n and \n Moore, D.G.\n (1964), The Enterprising Man, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronbach, L.J.\n (1951), \u201cCoefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests\u201d, Psychometrika, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 297-334.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b15","unstructured":"Davidsson, P.\n (1989), Continued Entrepreneurship and Small Firm Business, Stockholm Scholl of Economics, Stockholm."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b16","unstructured":"Davidsson, P.\n and \n Wiklund, J.\n (1999), \u201cSuitable approaches for studying small firm growth: the role of entrepreneurship and small and medium enterprises\u201d, Proceedings of the 44th ICSB World Conference, June, 20-23, Napoles."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vries, K.\n (1977), \u201cThe entrepreneurial personality: a person at the crossroads\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 34-57.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.1977.tb00616.x"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b18","unstructured":"European Commission\n (1999), Action Plan to Promote Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness, European Commission, Luxembourg, available at: http:\/\/europa.eu.int (accessed 12 May 2011)."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b19","unstructured":"European Commission\n (2003), Green Paper on Entrepreneurship in Europe, European Commission, Brussels, pp. 1-25, available at: http:\/\/europa.eu\/legislation_summaries\/other\/n26023_en.htm (accessed 12 May 2011)."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayolle, A.\n , \n Gailly, B.\n and \n Lassas-Clerc, N.\n (2006), \u201cAssessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: a new methodology\u201d, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 30 No. 9, pp. 701-720.","DOI":"10.1108\/03090590610715022"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b21","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.\n , \n Pa\u00e7o, A.\n , \n Raposo, M.\n and \n Rodrigues, R.\n (2007), \u201cEntrepreneurship education and business creation propensity: testing a structural model\u201d, Proceedings of IntEnt 2007 \u2013 17th Global Conference, Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training, Gdansk, 8-11 July."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florin, J.\n , \n Karri, R.\n and \n Rossiter, N.\n (2007), \u201cFostering entrepreneurial drive in business education: an attitudinal approach\u201d, Journal of Management Education, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 17-42.","DOI":"10.1177\/1052562905282023"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, H.\n , \n Korunka, C.\n , \n Lueger, M.\n and \n Mugler, J.\n (2005), \u201cEntrepreneurial orientation and education in Austrian secondary schools \u2013 status quo and recommendations\u201d, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 259-273.","DOI":"10.1108\/14626000510594647"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gartner, W.B.\n (1989), \u201cWho is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question\u201d, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp.47-68.","DOI":"10.1177\/104225878901300406"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorman, G.\n , \n Hanlon, D.\n and \n King, W.\n (1997), \u201cSome research perspectives on entrepreneurship education; enterprise education and education for small business management: a ten-year literature review\u201d, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 56-77.","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242697153004"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair, J.F.\n , \n Ringle, C.M.\n and \n Sarstedt, M.\n (2011), \u201cPLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet\u201d, The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 139-152.","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b27","unstructured":"Henry, C.\n , \n Hill, F.\n and \n Leitch, C.\n (2003), Entrepreneurship Education and Training, Ashgate, Aldershot."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b28","unstructured":"Ho, T.S.\n and \n Koh, H.C.\n (1992), \u201cDifferences in psychological characteristics between entrepreneurially inclined and non-entrepreneurially inclined accounting graduates in Singapore\u201d, Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Change: An International Journal, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 243-254."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jusoh, R.\n , \n Ziyae, B.\n , \n Asimiran, S.\n and \n Kadir, S.A.\n (2011), \u201cEntrepreneur training needs analysis: implications on the entrepreneurial skills needed for successful entrepreneurs\u201d, The International Business & Economics Research Journal, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 143-148.","DOI":"10.19030\/iber.v10i1.933"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh, H.C.\n (1996), \u201cTesting hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics \u2013 a study of Hong Kong MBA students\u201d, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 12-25.","DOI":"10.1108\/02683949610113566"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b31","unstructured":"Kuip, I.\n and \n Verheul, I.\n (2003), \u201cEarly development of entrepreneurial qualities: the role of initial education\u201d, EIM Business & Policy Research, SCALES-paper N200311, Zoetermeer."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuratko, D.F.\n (2005), \u201cThe emergence of entrepreneurship education: development, trends and challenges\u201d, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 29 No. 5, pp. 577-597.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2005.00099.x"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b33","unstructured":"Li\u00f1\u00e1n, F.\n and \n Chen, Y.-W.\n (2007), \u201cDevelopment and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions\u201d, paper presented in a seminar at the European Doctoral Programme in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClelland, D.C.\n (1961), The Achieving Society, D. Van Norstrand Co Inc, Princeton, NJ.","DOI":"10.1037\/14359-000"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b35","unstructured":"Messick, S.\n (1988), \u201cValidity\u201d, in \n Linn, R.L.\n (Ed.), Educational Measurement, 3rd ed., Macmillan, New York, NY, pp. 201-219."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitton, D.G.\n (1989), \u201cThe complete entrepreneur\u201d, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 13, pp. 9-19.","DOI":"10.1177\/104225878901300303"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabi, G.\n , \n Holden, R.\n and \n Walmsley, A.\n (2010), \u201cEntrepreneurial intentions among students: towards a re-focused research agenda\u201d, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 537-551.","DOI":"10.1108\/14626001011088714"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neck, H.M.\n and \n Greene, P.G.\n (2011), \u201cEntrepreneurship education: known worlds and new frontiers\u201d, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 49 No. 1, pp. 55-70.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-627X.2010.00314.x"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b39","unstructured":"Nunnally, J.C.\n (1978), Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oosterbeek, H.\n , \n van Praag, M.\n and \n Ijsselstein, A.\n (2010), \u201cThe impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation\u201d, European Economic Review, Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 442-454.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterman, N.E.\n and \n Kennedy, J.\n (2003), \u201cEnterprise education influencing students\u2019 perceptions of entrepreneurship\u201d, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 129-144.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-6520.2003.00035.x"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittaway, L.\n and \n Cope, J.\n (2007), \u201cEntrepreneurship education: a systematic review of the evidence\u201d, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 479-510.","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242607080656"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, M.\n , \n Ferreira, J.\n , \n Pa\u00e7o, A.\n and \n Rodrigues, R.\n (2008), \u201cPropensity to firm creation: empirical research using structural equations\u201d, International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 485-504.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-008-0089-9"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b44","unstructured":"Ringle, C.M.\n , \n Wende, S.\n and \n Will, A.\n (2005), Smart PLS, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, available at: www.smartpls.de."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, P.B.\n , \n Stimpson, D.V.\n , \n Huefner, J.C.\n and \n Hunt, H.K.\n (1991), \u201cAn attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship\u201d, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 13-31.","DOI":"10.1177\/104225879101500405"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b46","unstructured":"Schumpeter, J.A.\n (1934), The Theory of Economic Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, C.\n , \n Murray, G.\n , \n Mertens, C.\n and \n Dustin, E.\n (1996), \u201cStudent self-esteem and the school system: perceptions and implications\u201d, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 89 No. 5, pp. 286-293.","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1996.9941330"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somuncuoglu, Y.\n and \n Yildirim, A.\n (1999), \u201cRelationship between achievement goal orientations and use of learning strategies\u201d, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 92 No. 5, pp. 267-277.","DOI":"10.1080\/00220679909597606"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, E.R.\n (2009), \u201cIndividual entrepreneurial intent: construct clarification and development of an internally reliable metric\u201d, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 669-694.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x"},{"key":"key2022021720444689400_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Graevenitz, G.\n , \n Harhoff, D.\n and \n Weber, R.\n (2010), \u201cThe effects of entrepreneurship education\u201d, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 76 No. 1, pp. 90-112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2010.02.015"}],"container-title":["Education + Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/ET-06-2013-0085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ET-06-2013-0085\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ET-06-2013-0085\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T01:05:15Z","timestamp":1753405515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/et\/article\/55\/8-9\/763-780\/81606"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Professor","family":"Harry Matlay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8\/9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ET-06-2013-0085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/et-06-2013-0085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0040-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]}}}