{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:06:48Z","timestamp":1774951608181,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to advance knowledge on the gender-specific conditions that lead to higher entrepreneurial activity (EA) in challenging contexts by examining the interdependencies between several cognitive dimensions (perceived opportunities, perceived capabilities, being undeterred by fear of failure, knowing an entrepreneur who started a business because of the pandemic) and one cultural dimension (masculinity) and their relationship with EA of women and men during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor\u2019s special report \u201cWomen\u2019s Entrepreneurship 2020\/21: Thriving Through Crisis\u201d for 43 countries, this study uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to assess complex causal conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results revealed six different causal configurations leading to high female EA and the same number leading to high male EA during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although half of these configurations are gender specific, this study found several similarities in the complex conditions leading to the same outcome for women and men. The specific dimensions of perceived opportunities and knowing an entrepreneur who started a business because of the pandemic were crucial for both genders. Still, the latter is particularly important for women. Masculinity orientation was only relevant in the male sample.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite the remarkable growth of the research on gender and entrepreneurship over the past years, there is still limited knowledge on what leads to women and men\u2019s EA in times of crisis. This study's results advance the understanding of gender differences and similarities regarding the complex conditions that favour EA under highly challenging circumstances such as the ones imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gm-05-2022-0150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T16:58:16Z","timestamp":1678985896000},"page":"634-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-cultural cognitive conditions and gender differences in the entrepreneurial activity during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Pinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1108\/IJGE-09-2020-0153","article-title":"Learning experiences of women entrepreneurs amidst COVID-19","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-013-9517-5","article-title":"GEM research: achievements and challenges","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.12.012","article-title":"Gender matters in venture creation decision","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/0894845315597475","article-title":"Entrepreneurial role-model exposure, self-efficacy, and women\u2019s entrepreneurial intentions","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Career Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12641","article-title":"Social entrepreneurship and COVID\u201019","volume":"58","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-10-2013-0168","article-title":"Causal recipes for high performance: an exploratory comparative study of young high-technology firms from India and the UK","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref0208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00713.x","article-title":"Mediation and moderated mediation in the relationship among role models, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial career intention, and gender","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12081","DOI":"10.5465\/AMBPP.2018.209","article-title":"Yes, I can! \u2013 A field experiment on female role model effects in entrepreneurship","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academy of Management Proceedings"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-021-00544-y","article-title":"Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses","volume":"58","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023051811595144000_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1057\/s41267-016-0038-8","article-title":"An overview of hofstede-inspired country-level culture research in international business since 2006","volume":"48","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"key":"key2023051811595144000_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.11.034","article-title":"When do entrepreneurial intentions lead to actions? 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