{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:18:24Z","timestamp":1763457504266,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a measurement brand personality scale for golf destinations and simultaneously to assess the destination personality of the Algarve as a golf destination. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 A set of 36 unrepeated items, generated from individual interviews with experts in tourism and golf in the Algarve and from promotional texts in golf-related websites, was the base for a survey instrument. The survey was applied to a convenient sample of 600 golf players in the Algarve, and 545 (valid) questionnaires were analysed to refine the scale. Golf players assessed the Algarve as a golf destination and the components of the relational brand personality (functional, symbolic and experiential). Two multi-dimensional brand personality models were estimated by using structural equation modelling. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 Findings indicate that golf players ascribe personality characteristics to destinations. The brand personality of the Algarve is translated into three main dimensions enjoyableness, distinctiveness and friendliness when tourists\/golf players reveal their overall perception of the destination. The brand personality of golf destination Algarve is reflected in the dimensions reliability, hospitality, uniqueness and attractiveness when tourists\/golf players assess the components of the relational brand personality. Refined scales consisting of 10 and 11 items were finally derived meeting both reliability and validity requirements. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The analysis is based on personality perceptions of only one golf destination. Another limitation is the fact that both interviewees and respondents had great difficulty in expressing themselves tending to use repeated words. Also, the fact that the research was conducted in two languages since translation and retroversion of the items may lead to some loss in meaning or sense. Moreover, the experiential component of the relational brand personality might have been further explored to relate golf destination brand personality to the tourist experience. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 Important contributions are that both qualitative and quantitative approaches should be used in the measurement of brand personality. A reliable and valid tool to assess golf destination brand personality is a valuable marketing management resource. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Social implications<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 Destination managers will be able to plan marketing actions that will help to change general destination attitudes and product-destination attitudes, establishing the destination brand and creating differentiation, resulting in increased preference and usage, higher emotional ties, trust and loyalty towards the brand. Also, marketers should place great emphasis on building a connection between destination personality and tourists\/golf players\u2019 self-concept. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 This is one of the first pieces of research to validate a specific brand personality scale to golf destinations. Results of this study make important theoretical contributions to the understanding of brand personality in the context of tourism destinations in general, and golf destinations in particular.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijcthr-05-2014-0037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T07:14:04Z","timestamp":1432278844000},"page":"133-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Golf destinations\u2019 brand personality: the case of the Algarve"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rosaria Luisa Gomes","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nia","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ronaldo L.A.","family":"Schutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b1","unstructured":"Aaker, J.\n                (1997), \u201cDimensions of brand personality\u201d, \n                  Journal of Marketing Research\n               , Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 45-57."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, P.\n                and \n                  McGill, A.L.\n                (2012), \u201cWhen brands seem human, do humans act like brands? Automatic behavioral priming effects of brand anthropomorphism\u201d, \n                  Journal of Consumer Research\n               , Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 307-323.","DOI":"10.1086\/662614"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b3","unstructured":"Allport, G.W.\n                and \n                  Odberg, H.S.\n                (1936), \u201cTrait names: a psycho-lexical study\u201d, \n                  Psychological Monographs\n               , Vol. 47 No. 1, p. 211."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b4","unstructured":"ATA \u2013 Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Turismo do Algarve\n                (2012), \u201cAssocia\u00e7\u00e3o de Turismo do Algarve: Uma estrat\u00e9gia promocional que visa a competitividade do destino [Algarve tourism association: a promotional strategy aiming at destination competitiveness]\u201d, available at: www.clubedeproduto.visitportugalgolf.com (accessed 10 May 2013)."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azoulay, A.\n                and \n                  Kapferer, J.N.\n                (2003), \u201cDo brand personality scales really measure brand personality?\u201d, \n                  Journal of Brand Management\n               , Vol. 11, pp. 143-155.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.bm.2540162"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b6","unstructured":"Back, K.\n                and \n                  Lee, K.\n                (2003), \u201cBrand personality and its impact on brand loyalty in the upper-upscale hotel industry\u201d, Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific CHRIE Conference Korea 2003, International Council on Hotel Restaurant and Institutional Education, Seoul, pp. 205-215."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baloglu, S.\n                and \n                  Love, C.\n                (2004), \u201cAssociation meeting planners\u2019 perceptions and intentions for five major US convention cities: the structured and unstructured images\u201d, \n                  Tourism Management\n               , Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 743-752.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2004.04.001"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baloglu, S.\n                and \n                  McCleary, K.W.\n                (1999), \u201cA model of destination image formation\u201d, \n                  Annals of Tourism Research\n               , Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 868-897.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(99)00030-4"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beerli, A.\n                and \n                  Martin, J.D.\n                (2004), \u201cFactors influencing destination image\u201d, \n                  Annals of Tourism Research\n               , Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 657-681.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2004.01.010"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, R.\n                (2005), \u201cThe influence of sport on destination development: the example of golf at St. Andrews, Scotland\u201d, in \n                  Higham, J.\n                (Ed.), \n                  Sport Tourism Destinations: Issues, Opportunities and Analysis\n               , Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 274-282.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-5937-6.50027-4"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, L.A.\n                (2002), \u201cCorporative branding for rural destinations\u201d, \n                  Annals of Tourism Research\n               , Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 720-742.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(01)00080-9"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldwell, N.\n                and \n                  Freire, J.R.\n                (2004), \u201cThe differences between branding a country, a region and a city: applying the brand box model\u201d, \n                  Journal of Brand Management\n               , Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 50-51.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.bm.2540201"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.F.\n                and \n                  Phou, S.\n                (2013), \u201cA closer look at destination: image, personality, relationship and loyalty\u201d, \n                  Tourism Management\n               , Vol. 36, pp. 269-278.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.11.015"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b14","unstructured":"Cohen, J.\n                (1988), \n                  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences\n               , Lawrence Elbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crompton, J.L.\n                (1979), \u201cAn assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel Research\n               , Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 18-23.","DOI":"10.1177\/004728757901700404"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Astous, A.\n                and \n                  Boujbel, L.\n                (2007), \u201cPositioning Countries on personality dimensions: scale development and implications for country marketing\u201d, \n                  Journal of Business Research\n               , Vol. 60, pp. 231-239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.11.005"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b16","unstructured":"De Chernatony, L.\n                and \n                  McDonald, M.\n                (2001), \n                  Creating Powerful Brands in Consumer, Services and Industrial Markets\n               , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas, A.C.\n                and \n                  Mills, J.\n                (2006), \u201cLogging brand personality online: website content analysis of Middle Eastern and North African destinations\u201d, in \n                  Hitz, M.\n               , \n                  Sigala, M.\n                and \n                  Murphy, J.\n                (Eds), \n                  Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism\n               , Springer Wien, New York, NY, pp. 345-353.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-32710-X_46"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b18","unstructured":"Echtner, C.M.\n                and \n                  Ritchie, J.R.\n                (2003), \u201cThe meaning and measurement of destination image\u201d, \n                  Journal of Tourism Studies\u2019\n               , Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 37-48."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b19","unstructured":"Ekinci, Y.\n                (2003), \u201cFrom destination image to destination branding: an emerging area of research\u201d, \n                  e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR\n               ), Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 21-24."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekinci, Y.\n                and \n                  Hosany, S.\n                (2006), \u201cDestination personality: an application of brand personality to tourism destinations\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel Research\n               , Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 127-139.","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287506291603"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekinci, Y.\n               , \n                  Sirakaya-Turk, E.\n                and \n                  Baloglu, S.\n                (2007), \u201cHost image and destination personality\u201d, \n                  Tourism Analysis\n               , Vol. 12, pp. 433-446.","DOI":"10.3727\/108354207783227885"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epley, N.\n               , \n                  Waytz, A.\n               , \n                  Akalis, S.\n                and \n                  Cacioppo, J.T.\n                (2008), \u201cWhen we need a human: motivational determinants of anthropomorphism\u201d, \n                  Social Cognition\n               , Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 143-155.","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2008.26.2.143"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornel, C.\n                and \n                  Larcker, D.\n                (1981), \u201cEvaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error\u201d, \n                  Journal of Marketing Research\n               , Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 39-50.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, L.R.\n                (1992), \u201cThe development of markers for the Big-five factor structure\u201d, \n                  Psychological Assessment\n               , Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 26-42.","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.4.1.26"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b25","unstructured":"Hair, J.F.Jr\n               , \n                  Black, W.C.\n               , \n                  Babin, B.J.\n                and \n                  Anderson, R.E.\n                (2010), \n                  Multivariate Data Analysis\n               , 7th ed., Prentice-Hall, NJ."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hankinson, G.\n                (2004), \u201cRelational network brands: towards a conceptual model of place brands\u201d, \n                  Journal of Vacation Marketing\n               , Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 109-121.","DOI":"10.1177\/135676670401000202"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b27","unstructured":"Henderson, J.\n                (2000), \u201cSelling places: the new Asia-Singapore brand\u201d, \n                  The Journal of Tourism Studies\n               , Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 26-44."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b28","unstructured":"Hosany, S.\n                and \n                  Ekinci, Y.\n                (2003), \u201cAn application of the brand personality scale into tourist destinations: can destinations be branded\u201d, Proceeding of the 34th Annual TTRA Conference, Travel and Tourism Research Association, St. Louis, MO, pp. 1-11."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosany, S.\n               , \n                  Ekinci, Y.\n                and \n                  Uysal, M.\n                (2006), \u201cDestination image and destination personality: an application of branding theories to tourism places\u201d, \n                  Journal of Business Research\n               , Vol. 59 No. 5, pp. 638-642.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.01.001"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johns, N.\n                and \n                  Gyim\u00f3thy, S.\n                (2008), \u201cAssessing the brand position of Dannish kros\u201d, \n                  Journal of Vacation Marketing\n               , Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 267-281.","DOI":"10.1177\/1356766708090587"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, K.\n                (1993), \u201cConceptualizing, measuring and managing customer-based brand equity\u201d, \n                  Journal of Marketing\n               , Vol. 57 No. 1, pp. 1-22.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299305700101"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H.\n               , \n                  Ritchie, J.R.B.\n                and \n                  McCormick, B.\n                (2012), \u201cDevelopment of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel Research\n               , Vol. 51 No. 12, pp. 12-25.","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287510385467"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.\n                and \n                  McGill, A.L.\n                (2011), \u201cGaming with Mr Slot or gaming the slot machine? Power, anthropomorphism, and risk perception\u201d, \n                  Journal of Consumer Research\n               , Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 94-107.","DOI":"10.1086\/658148"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, J.\n                (2002), \u201cDestination marketing organisations: connecting the experience rather than promoting the place\u201d, \n                  Journal of Vacation Marketing\n               , Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 105-108.","DOI":"10.1177\/135676670200800201"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klabi, F.\n                (2012), \u201cThe predictive power of destination-personality-congruity on tourist preference: a global approach to destination image branding\u201d, \n                  Leisure\/Loisir\n               , Vol. 36 No. 3\/4, pp. 309-331.","DOI":"10.1080\/14927713.2012.746895"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b34","unstructured":"Kline, R.B.\n                (2004), \n                  Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling\n               , 2nd ed., Guilford Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.J.\n                and \n                  Suh, Y.G.\n                (2011), \u201cUnderstanding and measuring city brand personality (CPS) \u2013 in the context of South Korean market\u201d, \n                  International Journal of Tourism Sciences\n               , Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 1-20.","DOI":"10.1080\/15980634.2011.11434644"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.S.\n                and \n                  Back, K.J.\n                (2010), \u201cExamining antecedents and consequences of brand personality in the upper-upscale business hotel segment\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing\n               , Vol. 27, pp. 132-145.","DOI":"10.1080\/10548400903579688"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b69","unstructured":"Lei, P.W.\n                and \n                  Wu, Q.\n                (2007), \n                  An NCME Instructional Module on Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Practical Considerations, Educational Measurement, Issues and Practice\n               , Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 33-44."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, R.\n                and \n                  Law, R.\n                (2010), \u201cA Review of Personality Research in the Tourism and Hospitality context\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing\n               , Vol. 27, pp. 439-459.","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2010.499058"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b35","unstructured":"Lindsay, M.\n                (2000), \u201cThe brand called Wisconsin: can we make it relevant and different for competitive advantage?\u201d, Economic Summit White Paper, available at: www.wisconsinedu\/summit\/archive\/2000\/papers\/pdf\/lindsay.pdf (accessed 3 February 2010)."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnini, V.P.\n                and \n                  Parker, E.E.\n                (2009), \u201cThe psychological effects of music: implications for hotel firms\u201d, \n                  Journal of Vacation Marketing\n               , Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 53-62.","DOI":"10.1177\/1356766708098171"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b36","unstructured":"Morgan, N.\n               , \n                  Pritchard, A.\n                and \n                  Pride, R.\n                (2002), \n                  Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Preposition\n               , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, L.\n               , \n                  Moscardo, G.\n                and \n                  Benckendorff, P.\n                (2007), \u201cUsing brand personality to differentiate regional tourism destinations\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel Research\n               , Vol. 46 No. 1, pp. 5-14.","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287507302371"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musante, M.D.\n               , \n                  Bojanic, D.C.\n                and \n                  Zhang, J.\n                (2008), \u201cA Midified Brand Personality Scale for the Restaurant Industry\u201d, \n                  Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing\n               , Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 303-323.","DOI":"10.1080\/10507050801949316"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b38","unstructured":"Nuttin, J.\n                (1984), \n                  Motivation, Planning and Action: A Relational Theory of Behaviour Dynamics\n               , Louvain University Press and Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Louvain."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b39","unstructured":"Pereira, R.\n               , \n                  Correia, A.\n                and \n                  Schutz, R.\n                (2009), \u201cTowards a tourism brand personality taxonomy: a survey of practices\u201d, in \n                  Fyall, A.\n               , \n                  Kozak, M.\n               , \n                  Andreu, L.\n               , \n                  Gnoth, G.\n                and \n                  Lebe, S.S.\n                (Eds), \n                  Marketing Innovations for Tourism Destinations\n               , Goodfellow Publishing, Oxford, pp. 254-267."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, R.\n               , \n                  Correia, A.\n                and \n                  Schutz, R.\n                (2012), \u201cDestination branding: a critical overview\u201d, \n                  Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism\n               , Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 81-102.","DOI":"10.1080\/1528008X.2012.645198"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, R.\n               , \n                  Correia, A.\n                and \n                  Schutz, R.\n                (2014), \u201cDestination brand personality: searching for personality traits on golf-related websites\u201d, \n                  Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research\n               , Vol. 25 No. 3.","DOI":"10.1080\/13032917.2014.888359"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phau, I.\n                and \n                  Lau, K.C.\n                (2000), \u201cConceptualising brand personality: a review and research propositions\u201d, \n                  Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing\n               , Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 52-69.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jt.5740005"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitt, L.F.\n               , \n                  Opoku, R.\n               , \n                  Hultman, M.\n               , \n                  Abratt, R.\n                and \n                  Spyropoulou, S.\n                (2007), \u201cWhat I say about myself: communication of brand personality by African countries\u201d, \n                  Tourism Management\n               , Vol. 28, pp. 835-844.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2006.06.003"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plummer, J.\n                (2000), \u201cHow personality makes a difference\u201d, \n                  Journal of Advertising Research\n               , Vol. 40, pp. 79-83.","DOI":"10.2501\/JAR-40-6-79-83"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b43","unstructured":"Plummer, J.T.\n                (1985), \u201cHow personality makes a difference\u201d, \n                  Journal of Advertising Research\n               , Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 27-31."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b44","unstructured":"Prayag, G.\n                (2007), \u201cExploring the relationship between destination image and brand personality: an application of projective techniques\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel and Tourism Research\n               , No. 2, pp. 111-130."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b45","unstructured":"Rojas-Mend\u00e9z, J.\n                and \n                  Papadopoulos, N.\n                (2012), \u201cArgentine consumers\u2019 perception of the US brand personality\u201d, \n                  Latin America Review\n               , Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 329-345."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Mend\u00e9z, J.I.\n               , \n                  Murphy, S.A.\n                and \n                  Papadopoulos, N.\n                (2011), \u201cThe US brand personality: a sino perspective\u201d, \n                  Journal of Business Research\n               , Vol. 66 No. 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2011.12.027"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b66","unstructured":"Sahin, S.\n                and \n                  Baloglu, S.\n                (2011), \u201cBrand personality and destination image of Istambul, Anatolia\u201d, \n                  An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research\n               , Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 69-88."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saucier, G.\n                (1994), \u201cMini-markers: a brief version of Goldberg\u2019s unipolar Big-five markers\u201d, \n                  Journal of Personality Assessment\n               , Vol. 63 No. 3, pp. 506-516.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6303_8"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirgy, M.\n                and \n                  Su, C.\n                (2000), \u201cDestination image, self-congruity and travel behaviour: towards an integrative model\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel Research\n               , Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 340-352.","DOI":"10.1177\/004728750003800402"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeney, J.C.\n                and \n                  Brandon, C.\n                (2006), \u201cBrand personality: exploring the potential to move from factor analytical to circumplex models\u201d, \n                  Psychology and Marketing\n               , Vol. 23 No. 8, pp. 639-663.","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20122"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasci, D.A.\n                and \n                  Kozak, M.\n                (2006), \u201cDestination brands vs destination images: do we know what we mean?\u201d, \n                  Journal of Vacation Marketing\n               , Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 299-317.","DOI":"10.1177\/1356766706067603"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b51","unstructured":"THR\n                (2006), \u201c10 produtos estrat\u00e9gicos para o desenvolvimento do turismo em Portugal: Golfe [ten strategic products for the development of tourism in Portugal: Golf]\u201d, \n                  Turismo de Portugal\n               , available at: www.turismodeportugal.pt\/Portugu%C3%AAs\/AreasActividade\/ProdutoseDestinos\/Anexos\/Golfe.pdf (accessed 20 May 2009)."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b52","unstructured":"Turismo de Portugal\n                (2008), \n                  PENT \u2013 Plano estrat\u00e9gico nacional do turismo: Para o desenvolvimento do turismo em Portugal [Strategic National Plan for the Development of Tourism in Portugal]\n               , Minist\u00e9rio da Economia e da Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Lisboa."},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usakli, A.\n                and \n                  Baloglu, S.\n                (2011), \u201cBrand personality of tourist destinations: an application of self-congruity theory\u201d, \n                  Tourism Management\n               , Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 114-127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2010.06.006"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westwood, S.\n               , \n                  Morgan, N.J.\n               , \n                  Pritchard, A.\n                and \n                  Ineson, E.\n                (1999), \u201cBranding the package holiday: the significance of brand for UK air tour operators\u201d, \n                  Journal of Vacation Marketing\n               , Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 238-252.","DOI":"10.1177\/135676679900500304"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, P.W.\n               , \n                  Gill, A.\n                and \n                  Chuira, N.\n                (2004), \u201cBranding mountain destinations: the battle for \u2018Peacefulness\u2019\u201d, \n                  Tourism Review\n               , Vol. 59 No. 1, pp. 6-15.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb058425"},{"key":"key2020122322143373900_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, K.L.\n                and \n                  Lee, J.S.\n                (2014), \u201cTowards a perspective of cognitive destination image and destination personality: the case of Beijing\u201d, \n                  Journal of Travel &Tourism Marketing\n               , Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 538-556.","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2013.810993"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/IJCTHR-05-2014-0037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJCTHR-05-2014-0037\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJCTHR-05-2014-0037\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:54:33Z","timestamp":1753404873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijcthr\/article\/9\/2\/133-153\/127273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IJCTHR-05-2014-0037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijcthr-05-2014-0037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-6182"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1750-6182"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}}}