{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:22:18Z","timestamp":1761826938382,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>What compels business angels (BAs) to invest beyond financial returns? For many, it\u2019s a deeper sense of calling\u2014an alignment of purpose, values, and the desire to create lasting economic and societal impact. Traits like specialised skills, risk-taking, and a commitment to fostering innovation suggest that BAs may find profound meaning in their work. This paper aims to extend the Work as Calling Theory to the BAs\u2019 context, analysing the impact of calling on BAs\u2019 involvement in their work activities and on the value perceived from investing, referred to as the Angel Perceived Investment Value (APIV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire survey involving 869 BAs worldwide was carried out. Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed research model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate a positive correlation between calling and both BAs\u2019 involvement and APIV. Moreover, involvement was found to partially mediate the relationship between calling and APIV, contributing to perceptions of greater value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to analyse in depth the impacts of calling within the context of business angels (BAs), focusing specifically on the value they derive from their investment activities. It also uniquely examines the mediating role of involvement in tasks related to the startups, the angel groups and the ecosystem. This research offers actionable suggestions to help BAs better manage the expectations arising from their sense of calling while maximizing the value they derive from their investment activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijebr-09-2024-0926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:14:01Z","timestamp":1761826441000},"page":"2475-2497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of calling on angel investing"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Aveiro , ,","place":["Aveiro, Portugal"]},{"name":"COREangels Network SA, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-8796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Carrizo","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Aveiro , ,","place":["Aveiro, Portugal"]},{"name":"CICEE\u2014Research Center in Business and Economics, UAL, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1682-6857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Aveiro , ,","place":["Aveiro, Portugal"]}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.29210\/1122600","article-title":"Understanding career calling: historical roots and practical relevance for school counselors","volume":"12","author":"Alfan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2307\/1252098","article-title":"Goal setting and goal striving in consumer behavior","volume":"63","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295x.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103008135688800_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103008135688800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1090.0497","article-title":"When callings are calling: crafting work and leisure in pursuit of unanswered occupational callings","volume":"21","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2017.12.029","article-title":"Angel network affiliation and business angels' investment practices","volume":"50","author":"Bonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Corporate Finance"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2021.101944","article-title":"What drives the active involvement in business angel groups? The role of angels' decision-making style, investment-specific human capital and motivations","volume":"77","author":"Bonnet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Corporate Finance"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2019.02.009","article-title":"Finding the \u2018I\u2019 in \u2018Team\u2019: the role of groups in an individual's pursuit of calling","volume":"114","author":"Buis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.2009.54.1.32","article-title":"The call of the wild: zookeepers, callings, and the double-edged sword of deeply meaningful work","volume":"54","author":"Bunderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327574ijt0101_4","article-title":"Structural equation modelling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument","volume":"1","author":"Byrne","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Testing"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103008135688800_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1108\/ijchm-02-2017-0105","article-title":"Executive chefs' calling: effect on engagement, work-life balance and life satisfaction","volume":"30","author":"Cain","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072711436162","article-title":"Relational and identity perspectives on healthy versus unhealthy pursuit of callings","volume":"20","author":"Cardador","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2009.40633190","article-title":"The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion","volume":"34","author":"Cardon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-12-2021-0977","article-title":"The impact of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial success and psychological well-being: a person-centered investigation","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103008135688800_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2015.04.002","article-title":"Angel group members\u2019 decision process and rejection criteria: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"30","author":"Carpentier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.2024.2349763","article-title":"Calling and job involvement: the role of prosocial motivation in the performance of mission-driven organization","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of General Psychology"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref017","volume-title":"Modern Methods for Business Research","author":"Chin","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref018","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Structural Equation\u00a0Modeling: Concepts, Issues and Applications","author":"Chou","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2011.00456.x","article-title":"Angel Investors' and Entrepreneurs' intentions to exit their ventures: a conflict perspective","volume":"36","author":"Collewaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2015.02.023","article-title":"Supply management capabilities, routine bundles and their impact on firm performance","volume":"164","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072717748676","article-title":"Multiple meanings of calling: next steps for studying an evolving construct","volume":"27","author":"Dik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1808","article-title":"Dynamics of calling: a longitudinal study of musicians","volume":"34","author":"Dobrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2011.01234.x","article-title":"Calling: the development of a scale measure","volume":"64","author":"Dobrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5465\/AMBPP.2019.199","article-title":"Calling attention to 20 years of research: a comprehensive meta-analysis of calling","author":"Dobrow","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2013.06.006","article-title":"Research on calling: what have we learned and where are we going?","volume":"83","author":"Duffy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000276","article-title":"Work as a calling: a theoretical model","volume":"65","author":"Duffy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Counselling Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000318","article-title":"An initial examination of the work as calling theory","volume":"66","author":"Duffy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2025103008135688800_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1561\/0300000051","article-title":"Angel investing: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Edelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2023.2234134","article-title":"Why do business angels invest? Uncovering angels\u2019 goals","volume":"10","author":"Falc\u00e3o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Business and Management"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14657503231213310","article-title":"What\u2019s in it for me? The perceived investment value of business angels","author":"Falc\u00e3o","year":"2023","journal-title":"The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103008135688800_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1108\/bjm-08-2023-0330","article-title":"Challenges of business angels: does career matter?","volume":"19","author":"Falcao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Baltic Journal of Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2009.05.003","article-title":"Insufficient discriminant validity: a comment on bove, pervan, beatty, and shiu (2009)","volume":"63","author":"Farrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10997-014-9296-7","article-title":"Business angel post-investment activities: a multi-level review","volume":"20","author":"Fili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Management and Governance"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800313","article-title":"Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103008135688800_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017935","article-title":"A little thanks goes a long way: explaining why gratitude expressions motivate pro-social behavior","volume":"98","author":"Grant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1991.10806566","article-title":"Reluctant respondents, differences between early, late, and nonresponders to a mail survey","volume":"59","author":"Green","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Education"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref036","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/job.301","article-title":"Psychological success: when the career is a calling","volume":"26","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.11.002","article-title":"Callings in career: a typological approach to essential and optional components","volume":"79","author":"Hirschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.65.4.599","article-title":"Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: examples from the child-clinical and paediatric psychology literature","volume":"65","author":"Holmbeck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref040","volume-title":"Handbook of Structural Equation\u00a0Modeling","author":"Hoyle","year":"2012"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025103008135688800_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242616686401","article-title":"High value-added business angels at post-investment stages: key predictors","volume":"35","author":"Hoyos-Iruarrizaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Small Business Journal"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref042","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Structural Equation\u00a0Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications","author":"Hu","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0312896219871976","article-title":"Common method bias in applied settings: the dilemma of researching in organizations","volume":"45","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Management"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref044","volume-title":"Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language","author":"J\u00f6reskog","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-024-01018-9","article-title":"Emotions and entrepreneurial finance: analysis of venture capitalists' and business angels' digital footprints on Twitter","volume":"21","author":"Kaiser","year":"2025","journal-title":"The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhr098","article-title":"The consequences of entrepreneurial finance: evidence from angel financings","volume":"27","author":"Kerr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/13691066.2010.543322","article-title":"Categorization of angel investments: an explorative analysis of risk reduction strategies in Finland","volume":"13","author":"Lahti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Venture Capital"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2307\/258875","article-title":"A theory of goal setting and task performance","volume":"16","author":"Locke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000127","article-title":"The development of goal setting theory: a half century retrospective","volume":"5","author":"Locke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Motivation Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1108\/13552550910944575","article-title":"Do business angels benefit their investee companies?","volume":"15","author":"Macht","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.97.3.562","article-title":"Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study\u00a0of self-concept. First- and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups","volume":"97","author":"Marsh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103008135688800_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s11573-023-01185-1","article-title":"How do investor characteristics of business angels and venture capitalists predict the occurrence of co-investments?","volume":"94","author":"Maus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Business Economics"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref053","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Handbook of Research on Business Angels","author":"Mason","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/13691066.2016.1229470","article-title":"The transformation of the business angel market: empirical evidence and research implications","volume":"18","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Venture Capital"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref055","volume-title":"An Introduction to Angel Investing - a Guide to Investing in Early Stage Entrepreneurial Ventures","author":"McKaskill","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1108\/jec-10-2019-0095","article-title":"Data retrieval from online social media networks for defining business angels' profile","volume":"14","author":"Morales-Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprising Communities"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref057","first-page":"3","article-title":"The profile and motivations of bank angel investors","volume":"26","author":"Morrissette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01584","article-title":"Having a calling on board: effects of calling on job satisfaction and job performance among South Korean newcomers","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638601200408","article-title":"Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects","volume":"12","author":"Podsakoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103008135688800_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioural research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/13691060801946147","article-title":"Business angels and value added: what do we know and where do we go?","volume":"10","author":"Politis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Venture Capital"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2014.04.004","article-title":"Testing a calling model of psychological career success in Australian young adults: a longitudinal study","volume":"85","author":"Praskova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/13691060210816","article-title":"Informal investors as entrepreneurs - the development of an entrepreneurial career","volume":"4","author":"Politis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Venture Capital"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072714523089","article-title":"The development and initial validation of a career calling scale for emerging adults","volume":"23","author":"Praskova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2013.02.009","article-title":"Development and validation of the perceived investment value (PIV) scale","volume":"36","author":"Puustinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"2025103008135688800_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/jsc.852","article-title":"Business angels who they really are?","volume":"18","author":"Ramadani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Strategic Change"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025103008135688800_ref067","first-page":"306","article-title":"The importance of angel investors in financing the growth of small and medium sized enterprises","volume":"2","author":"Ramadani","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref068","article-title":"Living life \u2018to the core\u2019: enacting a calling through configurations of multiple jobs","author":"Robertson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref069","volume-title":"Angel Investing","author":"Rose","year":"2014"},{"issue":"C","key":"2025103008135688800_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riob.2010.09.001","article-title":"On the meaning of work: a theoretical integration and review","volume":"30","author":"Rosso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066x.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/249393","article-title":"Strategic information systems planning success: an investigation of the construct and its measurement","volume":"22","author":"Segars","year":"1998","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref073","volume-title":"Fool's Gold: The Truth Behind Angel Investing in America","author":"Shane","year":"2009"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025103008135688800_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013066","article-title":"Career calling and job satisfaction of ideological and political education teachers in China: the mediating role of occupational self-efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref075","volume-title":"Sociological Methodology","author":"Sobel","year":"1982"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025103008135688800_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1177\/00187267221095759","article-title":"Walking back to happiness: the resurgence of latent callings in later life","volume":"76","author":"Sturges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015140","article-title":"Research on work as a calling\u2026and how to make it matter","volume":"6","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/27550311241233673","article-title":"Do what you love and you\u2019ll never work a day in your life? Testing fundamental assumptions about calling, effort, and enjoyment","volume":"2","author":"Tosti-Kharas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Management Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072717692735","article-title":"Linking perceived organisational frustration to work engagement: the moderating roles of sense of calling and psychological meaningfulness","volume":"26","author":"Ugwu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103008135688800_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.4.756","article-title":"Les passions de l\u2019\u00e2me: on obsessive and harmonious passion","volume":"85","author":"Vallerand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-2096(03)05009-0","volume-title":"Spiritual Intelligence at Work: Meaning, Metaphor, and Morals","author":"Weiss","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref081","volume-title":"Siding with the Angels - Business Angel Investing \u2013 Promising Outcomes and Effective Strategies","author":"Wiltbank","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2919383","article-title":"Angel cognition, human capital, and active involvement in business-angel-networks\u2019 governance and management","author":"Wirtz","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1997.2162","article-title":"Jobs-careers-and-callings","volume":"31","author":"Wrzesniewski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2016.02.011","article-title":"Linking calling to work engagement and subjective career success: the perspective of career construction theory","volume":"94","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103008135688800_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pursup.2020.100658","article-title":"How supply chain strategies moderate the relationship between innovation capabilities and business performance","volume":"26","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2017.07.003","article-title":"The experience of career change driven by a sense of calling: an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach","volume":"102","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587231153603","article-title":"Playing the business angel: the impact of well-known business angels on venture performance","volume":"48","author":"Blaseg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.392","article-title":"The costly pursuit of self-esteem","volume":"130","author":"Crocker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-02-2022-0171","article-title":"Embedding the marketing angle into the pursuit of entrepreneurial propensity: roles of perceived feasibility and desirability and stakeholders' support","volume":"31","author":"Kariv","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-016-9771-4","article-title":"Altruistic investment decision behavior in early-stage ventures","volume":"48","author":"Klyver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103008135688800_ref091","first-page":"87","article-title":"The exit phase of individual angels, angel syndicates and corporate angels","volume":"14","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Management Research"},{"key":"2025103008135688800_ref092","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Research Handbook on Entrepreneurial Finance","author":"Mason","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3905\/jpe.2007.686430","article-title":"A profile of angel investors","volume":"10","author":"Morrissette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Private Equity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103008135688800_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-2963(95)00160-3","article-title":"Segmenting the informal venture capital market: economic, hedonistic, and altruistic investors","volume":"36","author":"Sullivan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103008135688800_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/13691066.2017.1290889","article-title":"Business angels: a research review and new agenda","volume":"19","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Venture Capital"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijebr\/article-pdf\/31\/10\/2475\/10076759\/ijebr-09-2024-0926en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijebr\/article-pdf\/31\/10\/2475\/10076759\/ijebr-09-2024-0926en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:14:05Z","timestamp":1761826445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijebr\/article\/31\/10\/2475\/1275759\/The-impact-of-calling-on-angel-investing"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijebr-09-2024-0926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-2554","1758-6534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-2554","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-6534","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]}}}