{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:15:28Z","timestamp":1767374128037,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The purpose of this paper is to analyse the simultaneous effects of perceived job insecurity and organizational commitment on the innovative behavior of workers in an announced downsizing environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The authors suggest and empirically test a model using the case of a firm, an innovative high technology firm, in a downsizing process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The results show an indirect effect of job insecurity on innovative behavior, through organizational commitment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 First, the paper only examined one firm. Although the firm is a large multinational firm it may have a specific organizational culture and a track record that generates some idiosyncratic feelings in face of downsizing. Second, the context of knowledge-intensive firms limits the scope of the study, although it is reasonable to suggest that these firms are more dependent on employees\u2019 innovative efforts for competitive advantage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 This study is a contribution to the HRM practitioners in a tense and delicate worldwide restructuring situation. The outcomes experienced by those who remain \u2013 the survivors \u2013 are important for the future competitive capabilities of firms post-downsizing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Social implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Thus, it seems that organizational commitment directly and positively determines workers\u2019 innovative behavior and that organizational commitment is impacted by job insecurity in an announced downsizing environment. It is, essentially, an affective commitment and job insecurity is more affected by a perceived threat to one\u2019s total job.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 A downsizing strategy warrants that the full impact on firms\u2019 ability to innovate be assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijm-03-2012-0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T06:12:06Z","timestamp":1411625526000},"page":"930-955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Surviving downsizing and innovative behaviors: a matter of organizational commitment"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Galende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Portugal Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham, S. (2006), \u201cThe market reaction to layoff announcements: a union-nonunion comparison\u201d, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 27 No. 5, pp. 452-466.","DOI":"10.1108\/01437720610683958"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amabile, T. and Conti, R. (1999), \u201cChanges in the work environment for creativity during downsizing\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42 No. 6, pp. 630-640.","DOI":"10.2307\/256984"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J. and Gerbin, D. (1988), \u201cStructural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach\u201d, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 411-423.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appelbaum, H. and Lavigne-Schmidt, S. (1999), \u201cDownsizing: measuring the costs of failure\u201d, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 18 Nos 5\/6, pp. 436-463.","DOI":"10.1108\/02621719910273578"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argote, L. , McEvily, B. and Reagans, R. (2003), \u201cManaging knowledge in organizations: an integrative framework and review of emerging themes\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 571-582.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.4.571.14424"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong-Stassen, M. (1994), \u201cCoping with transition: A study of layoff survivors\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15 No. 7, pp. 597-621.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030150705"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong-Stassen, M. and Schlosser, F. (2008), \u201cTaking a positive approach to organizational downsizing\u201d, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 93-106.","DOI":"10.1002\/cjas.63"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashford, S. , Lee, C. and Bobko, P. (1989), \u201cContent, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: a theory-based measure and substantive test\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 803-829.","DOI":"10.2307\/256569"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, R. and Kenny, D. (1986), \u201cThe moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations\u201d, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51 No. 6, pp. 1173-1182.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baruch, Y. (1998), \u201cThe rise and fall of organizational commitment\u201d, Human Systems Management, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 35-43.","DOI":"10.3233\/HSM-1998-17207"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b10","unstructured":"Bedeian, A. and Armenakis, A. (1998), \u201cThe cesspool syndrome: how dreck floats to the top of declining organizations\u201d, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 58-63."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentler, P. and Chou, C. (1987), \u201cPractical issues in structural modeling\u201d, Sociological Methods and Research, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 78-117.","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124187016001004"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b12","unstructured":"Blau, P. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowersox, N. (2009), \u201cDownsizing and building organizational memory: a paradoxical relationship between \u2018brain drain\u2019 and \u2018brain gain\u2019\u201d, in Girard, J. (Ed.), Building Organizational Memories: Will You Know What You Knew? IGI Global, Hershey, PA, pp. 18-29.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-540-5.ch002"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b14","unstructured":"Brockner, J. (1988), \u201cThe effects of work layoffs on survivors: research, theory and practice\u201d, in Staw, B. and Cummings, L. (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 10 pp. 213-255."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockner, J. , Spreitzer, G. , Mishra, A. , Hochwarter, W. , Pepper, L. and Weinberg, J. (2004), \u201cPerceived control as an antidote to the negative effects of layoffs on survivors\u2019 organizational commitment and job performance\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 49 No. 1, pp. 76-100.","DOI":"10.2307\/4131456"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, K. (1994), \u201cStrategies for successful organizational downsizing\u201d, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 189-211.","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.3930330204"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b18","unstructured":"Carley, K. (1996), \u201cOrganizational learning and personnel turnover\u201d, in Cohen, M. and Sproull, L. (Eds), Organizational Learning, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 230-266."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b19","unstructured":"Cascio, W. (1993), \u201cDownsizing: What do we know? What have we learned?\u201d, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 95-104."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadwick C. , Hunter, L. and Walston, S. (2004), \u201cEffects of downsizing practices on the performance of hospitals\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 405-427.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.383"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimons, M. (1996), \u201cFederal workers cope, yet remain resentful\u201d. APA Monitor, Vol. 27 No. 3, p. -.","DOI":"10.1037\/e529712010-016"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b22","unstructured":"Cobb, S. and Kasl, S. (1977), Termination: The Consequences of Job Loss, Pub. #77-224, Deptartment of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute of Sciences and Health, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen-Charash, Y. and Spector, P. (2001), \u201cThe role of justice in organizations: a meta-analysis\u201d, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 86 No. 2, pp. 278-321.","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.2001.2958"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, P. (2005), \u201cA study of innovators\u2019 experience of new product innovation in organizations\u201d, R&D Management, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 525-533.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2005.00409.x"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, D. , Guthrie, J. , Basuil, D. and Pandey, A. (2010), \u201cCauses and effects of employee downsizing: a review and synthesis\u201d, Journal of Management, Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 281-348.","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206309346735"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b26","unstructured":"De Meuse, K. , Bergmann, T. , Vanderheiden, P. and Roraff, C. (2004), \u201cNew evidence regarding organizational downsizing and a firm\u2019s financial performance: a long-term analysis\u201d, Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 155-177."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Meuse, K. , Vanderheiden, P. and Bergmann, T. (1994), \u201cAnnounced layoffs: their effect on corporate financial performance\u201d, Human Resource Management, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 509-530.","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.3930330403"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devine, K. , Reay, T. , Stainton, L. and Nakai-Collins, R. (2003), \u201cDownsizing outcomes: better a victim than a survivor?\u201d, Human Resource Management, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 109-124.","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.10071"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolan, S. and Belout, A. (2000), \u201cDownsizing without downgrading: learning how firms manage their survivors\u201d, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 34-46.","DOI":"10.1108\/01437720010319444"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougherty, D. and Bowman, E. (1995), \u201cThe effects of organizational downsizing on product innovation\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 28-43.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165809"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougherty, D. and Heller, T. (1994), \u201cThe illegitimacy of successful product innovation in established firms\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 200-218.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.2.200"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberg, R. , Fasolo, P. and Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990), \u201cPerceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 51-59.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.1.51"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elayan, F. , Swales, G. , Maris, B. and Scott, J. (1998), \u201cMarket reactions, characteristics, and the effectiveness of corporate layoffs\u201d, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 329-351.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5957.00190"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, M. and Mavondo, F. (2005), \u201cThe effect of downsizing-redesign strategies on business performance: evidence from Australia\u201d, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 98-116.","DOI":"10.1177\/1038411105050309"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, S. and White, M. (2000), \u201cDownsizing in a learning organization: are there hidden costs?\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 244-251.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2000.2791613"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, S.J. and Cameron, K.S. (1993), \u201cOrganizational downsizing: a convergence and reorientation framework\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 10-29.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.4.1.10"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fried, Y. , Slowik, L. , Shperling, Z. , Franz, C. , Ben-David, H. , Avital, N. and Yeverechyahu, U. (2003), \u201cThe moderating effect of job insecurity on the relation between role clarity and job performance: a longitudinal field study\u201d, Human Relations, Vol. 56 No. 7, pp. 787-805.","DOI":"10.1177\/00187267030567002"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b37","unstructured":"Gandolfi, F. and Neck, P. (2005), \u201cOrganisational downsizing revisited\u201d, Australasian Journal of Business and Social Inquiry, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 25-46."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerbing, D. , Hamilton, J. and Freeman, E. (1994), \u201cA large-scale second-order structural equation model of the influence of management participation on organizational planning benefits\u201d, Journal of Management, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 859-885.","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639402000408"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, R. (1996), \u201cToward a knowledge-based theory of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, Winter, pp. 109-122.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171110"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenhalgh, L. (1982), \u201cMaintaining organizational effectiveness during organizational retrenchment\u201d, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 155-170.","DOI":"10.1177\/002188638201800204"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenhalgh, L. and Rosenblatt, Z. (1984), \u201cJob insecurity: toward conceptual clarity\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 438-448.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1984.4279673"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b42","unstructured":"Gregory, J. (1999), \u201cEncouraging organizational learning through pay after a corporate downsizing\u201d, Management, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 63-81."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guthrie, J. and Datta, D. (2008), \u201cDumb and dumber: the impact of downsizing on firm performance as moderated by industry conditions\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 108-123.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1070.0298"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b44","unstructured":"Hair, J. Anderson, R. , Tatham, R. and Black, W. , (1999), Analisis Multivariante 5th edicin, Madrid, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley, A. (1998), \u201cOrganizational commitment and job insecurity in a changing public service organization\u201d, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 341-354.","DOI":"10.1080\/135943298398745"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitt, M. , Bierman, L. , Shimizu, K. and Kochhar, R. (2001), \u201cDirect and moderating effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: a resource-based perspective\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 13-28.","DOI":"10.2307\/3069334"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannessen, J.-A. , Olsen, B. and Lumpkin, G. (2001), \u201cInnovation as newness: what is new, how new, and new to whom?\u201d, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 20-31.","DOI":"10.1108\/14601060110365547"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jong, J. and Kemp, R. (2003), \u201cDeterminants of co-workers innovative behaviour: an investigation into knowledge intensive services\u201d, International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 189-212.","DOI":"10.1142\/S1363919603000787"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b49","unstructured":"Jong, J. , Kemp, R. and Snel, C. (2001), \u201cDeterminants of innovative ability: an empirical test of a causal model\u201d, Business and Policy Research Report 0010\/A, EIM, Zoetermeer."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanter, R. (1968), \u201cCommitment and social organization: a study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities\u201d, American Sociological Review, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 499-517.","DOI":"10.2307\/2092438"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleysen, R. and Street, C. (2001), \u201cToward a multi-dimensional measure of individual innovative behavior\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 284-296.","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000005660"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b52","unstructured":"Lundvall, B. (1992) National Systems of Innovation, Pinter, London."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKinley, W. and Sherer, A. (2000), \u201cSome unanticipated consequences of organizational restructuring\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 735-752.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2000.3707703"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald, S. and Piekkari, R. (2005), \u201cOut of control: personal networks in European collaboration\u201d, R&D Management, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 441-453.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2005.00400.x"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makawatsakul, N. and Kleiner, B. (2003), \u201cThe effect of downsizing on morale and attrition\u201d, Management Research News, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 52-62.","DOI":"10.1108\/01409170310783998"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"March, J. (1991), \u201cExploration and exploitation in organizational learning\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 71-87.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b56","unstructured":"Marques, T. , Gonzales, I. , Cruz, P. and Ferreira, M.P. (2011), \u201cDownsizing and profitability: an empirical study of Portuguese firms in 1993-2005\u201d, International Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 13-26."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massingham, P. (2008), \u201cMeasuring the impact of knowledge loss: more than ripples on a pond?\u201d, Management Learning, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 541-560.","DOI":"10.1177\/1350507608096040"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b59","unstructured":"Mellahi, K. and Wilkinson, A. (2004), \u201cDownsizing and innovation output: a review of literature and research propositions\u201d, paper presented at the British Academy of Management, August, University of St Andrews."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellahi, K. and Wilkinson, A. (2010a), \u201cA study of the association between level of slack reduction following downsizing and innovation output\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 47 No. 3, pp. 483-508.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00872.x"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellahi, K. and Wilkinson, A. (2010b), \u201cSlash and burn or nip and tuck? Downsizing, innovation and human resources\u201d, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21 No. 13, pp. 2291-2305.","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2010.516584"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, J. and Allen, N. (1991), \u201cA three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment\u201d, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 61-89.","DOI":"10.1016\/1053-4822(91)90011-Z"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b63","unstructured":"Mishra, K. (1996), \u201cOrganizational responses to crises in trusting organizations\u201d, in Kramer, R. and Tyler, T. (Eds), Trust in Organizations, Frontiers of Theory and Research, Sage Publications, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, J. , Cascio, W. and Young, C. (1999), \u201cDownsizing after all these years: questions and answers about who did it, how many did it and who benefited from it\u201d, Organizational Dynamics , Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 78-87.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-2616(99)90039-6"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrow, J. Jr , Johnson, R. and Busenitz, L. (2004), \u201cThe effects of cost and asset retrenchment on firm performance: the overlooked role of a firm\u2019s competitive environment\u201d, Journal of Management, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 189-208.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jm.2003.01.002"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b67","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. (1967), Psychometric Theory, McGraw Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, R. (1974), \u201cExpectancy theory predictions of salesmen\u2019s performance\u201d, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 11, August, pp. 243-253.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377401100302"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b69","unstructured":"Paul, K. and Bracken, D. (1995), \u201cEverything you always wanted to know about employee surveys\u201d, Training and Development, Vol. 49, January, pp. 45-49."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, L. , Steers, R. , Mowday, R. and Boulian, P. (1974), \u201cOrganizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians\u201d. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 59 No. 5, pp. 603-609.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037335"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Probst, T. (2003), \u201cDevelopment and validation of the job security index and the job security satisfaction scale: a classical test theory and IRT approach\u201d, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 76 No. 4, pp. 451-467.","DOI":"10.1348\/096317903322591587"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Probst, T. and Brubaker, T. (2001), \u201cThe effects of job insecurity on employee safety outcomes: cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations\u201d, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 139-159.","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.2.139"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Probst, T. , Stewart, S. , Gruys, M. and Tierney, B. (2007), \u201cProductivity, counterproductivity and creativity: the ups and downs of job insecurity\u201d, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 80 No. 3, pp. 479-497.","DOI":"10.1348\/096317906X159103"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b74","unstructured":"Reisel, W. and Banai, M. (2002), \u201cJob insecurity revisited: reformulating with affect\u201d, Journal of Behavioural and Applied Management, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 87-90."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds-Fisher, S. and White, M. (2000), \u201cDownsizing in a learning organization: are there hidden costs?\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 244-251.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2000.2791613"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b76","unstructured":"Richtn\u00e9r, A. and Ahlstr\u00f6m, P. (2006), \u201cOrganizational downsizing and innovation\u201d, Working Paper Series in Business Administration, No. 2006:1, SSE\/EFI, Sweden."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rindskopf, D. and Rose, T. (1988), \u201cSome theory and applications of confirmatory second-order factor analysis\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Vol. 23, pp. 51-67.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2301_3"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahdev, K. (2003), \u201cSurvivor\u2019s reactions to downsizing: the importance of contextual factors\u201d, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 56-74.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-8583.2003.tb00105.x"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, A. , Borzillo, S. and Probst, G. (2011), \u201cDon\u2019t let knowledge walk away: knowledge retention during employee downsizing\u201d, Management Learning, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 53-74.","DOI":"10.1177\/1350507611411630"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, S. and Bruce, R. (1994), \u201cDeterminants of innovative behaviour: a path model of individual innovation in the workplace\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 580-607.","DOI":"10.2307\/256701"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, P. (2000), \u201cNetwork destruction: the structural implications of downsizing\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 101-112.","DOI":"10.2307\/1556389"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b82","unstructured":"Stevens, J. (1996), Applied Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, Mahwah, NJ."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b83","unstructured":"Stolzenberg, R. (1989), \u201cJob Quits in Empirical and Theoretical Perspective\u201d, in Kalleberg, A. (Ed.) Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 99-130."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sverke, M. , Hellgren, J. and Naswall, K. (2002), \u201cNo security: a review and meta-analysis of job insecurity and its consequences\u201d, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 242-264.","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.7.3.242"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b85","unstructured":"Tidd, J. , Bessant, J. and Pavitt, K. (2001), Managing Innovation, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Travaglione, A. and Cross, B. (2006), \u201cDiminishing the social network in organizations: does there need to be such a phenomenon as \u2018survivor syndrome\u2019 after downsizing?\u201d, Strategic Change, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 1-13.","DOI":"10.1002\/jsc.743"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b87","unstructured":"Ugboro, I. (2003), \u201cInfluence of managerial trust on survivors\u2019 perceptions of job insecurity and organizational commitment in a post restructuring and downsizing environment\u201d, The Journal of Behavioural and Applied Management, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 230-253."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vroom, V.H. and Yetton, P.W. (1973), Leadership and Decision Making, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt6wrc8r"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagar, T. (1998), \u201cExploring the consequences of workforce reduction\u201d, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 300-309.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1936-4490.1998.tb00172.x"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, J. and Ungson, G. (1991), \u201cOrganizational memory\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 57-91.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1991.4278992"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b91","unstructured":"Wertheim, P. and Robinson, M. (2000), \u201cThe effect of a firm\u2019s financial condition on the market reaction to company layoffs\u201d, The Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 63-72."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b92","unstructured":"West, M. and Farr, J. (1989), \u201cInnovation at work: psychological perspectives\u201d, Social Behavior, Vol. 4, pp. 15-30."},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitener, E. , Brodt, S. , Korsgaard, M. and Werner, J. (1998), \u201cManagers as initiators of trust: an exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 513-530.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.926624"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worrel, D. , Davidson, W. III and Sharma, V. (1991), \u201cLayoff announcements and stockholder wealth\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 662-678.","DOI":"10.5465\/256410"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, G. and Park, J. (2006), \u201cThe effect of downsizing on the financial performance and employee productivity of Korean firms\u201d, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 230-250.","DOI":"10.1108\/01437720610672158"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_frd1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caballero, R. and Hammour, M. (1996), \u201cOn the timing and efficiency of creative destruction\u201d, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 111 No. 3, pp. 805-852.","DOI":"10.2307\/2946673"},{"key":"key2020122902323023500_frd2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, E. and Robinson S. (1997), \u201cWhen employees feel betrayed: a model of how psychological contract violation develops\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 226-257.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1997.9707180265"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Manpower"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/IJM-03-2012-0049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJM-03-2012-0049\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJM-03-2012-0049\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:02:33Z","timestamp":1753394553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijm\/article\/35\/7\/930-955\/137641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IJM-03-2012-0049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijm-03-2012-0049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-7720"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-7720"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]}}}